Pharm Antibiotics Flashcards
To understand the pharmacology as well as the viability of tetracycline, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol in treating listed diseases
Clinically important tetracyclins
Chlortetracycline Oxytetracycline tetracycline demaclocycline methacycline doxycycline minocycline
Properties of tetracyclins
Poorly water soluble and are formulated as hydrochlorides
GI absorption is by the presence of food in the GI
MOA of tetracycline
Reversibly blocks the 30s ribosome to prevent protein synthesis
by binding, it prevents charged tRNA from binding to the loading A site and stops translation
Tetracyclins
chemical backbone = 4 rings
different members arise from different substituents on the ring
new member: Tigecycline
Tigecycline
Broad-spectrum
Long half life
Improved resistance profile
Can be given with proton pump inhibitors (to tx helicobacter induced ulcers)
Low resistance hospital-aquired (nosocomial) infections
doxycycline
minocycline
not affected by food
No decrease in absorption even in the presence of food
100% bioavailability via IV
High pH effect
Decrease tetracycline’s effect?
mycoplasmas
cause pneumonia
Rikettsiae
Rocky mountain spotted fever Purple rashes (pectechaie)=> bleeding underneath the skin
What drugs are not substrates for efflux pumps (produced by resistant strains)?
Doxycycline
minocycline
tigecycline
Most effective types of bacterial resistance
Efflux pumps
Proteins that protect the ribosomes
Three mechanisms that convey bacterial resistance to tetracycline
1) Impaired influx or enhanced efflux(of tetracycline) by an active transport protein pump, 2) Ribosome protection and 3) Enzymatic inactivation of the drugs
In simple terms…..
Bacteria will have a mutation that will produce efflux pumps that are selective for antibiotics
The drug is pumped out by active transport
Bacteria produce proteins that bind to the antibiotics
Bacterial enzymes can completely degrade the drugs
Contraindications of tetracyclines
Not good for children:
The drug crosses the placenta, breast milk
bind to calcium and damage bones
bind to teeth
Enterohepatic circulation
drugs absorbed from the liver => secreted into the bile
a fatty meal => drugs are re-secreted to the GI tract via bile, so it can get reabsorbed again => increases the long half life of the tetracyclines
Advantages of tetracyclines
Improve patient compliance
Clinical Uses : Chlymadiae
Sclera of the eye is irritated, red, yellow pus,
Chlortetracycline tx. Chlymadiae conjunctivitis
What is the problem with the combination therapy of tetracycline + proton pump inhibitor to treat helicobacter pylori-induced ulcers?
change the pH = high pH which will make tetracycline ineffective
need acid to absorb tetracycline
Change the order of how you give the two drug
-wait 8 to 12 hours
give tetracycline first
Demeclocycline
prevent the action of ADH
Tx tumors that secrete ADH
central diabetes insipidus?
Tetracyclins used in combination with aminoglycosides
Tx plague, tularemia and brucellosis
Adverse effects of tetracyclines
MOST IMPORTANT : effect on BONE
Tetracyclines are deposited in bone and teeth and are contraindicated in children less than 8yrs old and pregnant women
How can you reduce the adverse effect on kidneys
adjust dose
Adverse effect of Demaclocycline
Photosensitivity
MOA of Clindamycin
Binds exclusively to the 50S ribosome �
block the whole protein synthesis
1st mechanism of resistance to clindamycin
Mutation of the ribosomal receptor site
Drug will not have high affinity for the target site
need high conc. of drug but can’t be achieved physiologically
Mechanism of Clindamycin
Binds to 50S ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis
Clindamycin binding to plasma protein
90% except in CNS
Combination clindamycin and cephalosporin or aminoglycosides �
used for prophylaxis
Tx penetrating wounds of the abdomen and the gut
Clindamycin combination with pyrimethamine
inhibit tetrahydrolate synthase
inhibit synthesis of folate from PABA
used for AIDS-related toxoplamosis of the brain�
Gray baby syndrome
Toxicity in newborn infants: gray baby syndrome (vomiting, flaccidity, hypothermia, gray color shock and collapse)
Must be used with caution in infants
Unique to chloramphenicol!!!!!
The UDP-glucuronyl transferase enzyme system of infants, especially premature infants, is immature and incapable of metabolizing the excessive drug load.
Insufficient renal excretion of the unconjugated drug.
Broad spectrum activity of tetracyclines
antimicrobial activity against gram + and gram - bacteria including anaerobes, chlamydiae, myocoplasma, rikettsiae, ameobas
How does tetracycline enter susceptible bacteria?
simple diffusion and through active transport
What if the antibiotic does not have high affinity for the efflux pump?
Resistance is avoided
What is the drug that is effect even against the Tet(A) efflux-expressing gram - strains having resistance to the older tetracycline like doxycycline and minocycline
Tegecycline
Which tetracycline resistance protein confers resistance to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline but not to tigecycline?
Tet (M)
Which agent has Tet (K) that confers resistance to tetracycline but not to doxycycline, minocycline, or tigecycline
Staphylococcus
Tigecycline is effective in the presence of which Tet proteins
Tet A, Tet M
Tet K
Tet M
Which gram strains express Tet M
gram positive