Pharm Flashcards
Sympathetic nervous system results in ______ __ ______, while the parasympathetic nervous system results in _____ ___ ______.
Fight or flight
Rest and digest
Drugs that increase sympathetic response are known as ___________
Sympathomimetics
Drugs that block sympathetic response are known as ____________.
Sympatholytics
What are the two neurotransmitters of the SNS?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
SNS neurotransmitters bind to _________ receptors. What are the 3 subtypes?
Adrenergic (Alpha, Beta, Dopamine)
PSNS neurotransmitters bind to _________ receptors. What are the 2 subtypes?
Cholinergic (Nicotonic, Muscarinic)
Acetylcholine release is _____ dependent
Ca2++
Acetylcholine is broken down by what?
Acetylcholinesterase
Is acetylcholine an agonist or antagonist?
Agonist
Epinephrin, Norepinephrin, and dopamine are examples of what neurotransmitter?
Catecholamines
Study of the genetic variation in drug response usually monogenic is know as ______________.
Pharmacogenetics
Surveying the genome to assess multigenic determinants of drug response is known as ______________.
Pharmacogenomics
Genetic variation among individuals within a specific species or population is known as _____________.
Polymorphisms (Ex; Blood types)
Drug response is determined by what two factors?
Genetic factors
Environmental factors
Single nucleotide exchanged for another at a point on the individual’s genome are called ____________ ___________ ____________, also known as normal genetic variation.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
SNP typically effect the genotype or phenotype?
Genotype
What is a misense SNP?
Base pair change results in amino acid substitution
What is a synonymous SNP?
Base pair changed doesn’t alter the amino acid
What is a Nonsense SNP?
Base pair change leads to stop codon
In regards to phenotypes, variability in genes than encode kinetic determinants is known a what.
Kinetic
What happens when an ultra-rapid metabolizer at 2D6 takes imipramine which is metabolized by 2D6?
it gets used up (metabolized) quickly, meaning it may not get to therapeutic levels
With nomenclature, the first letter/number group identifies what? The star and following number identify what?
Gene
Allele
Ultrarapid metabolzers have ____ ____ _____ copies of functional alleles.
More than two
Extensive metabolizers have _____ functional allele with ____ non-functional/reduced function allele
One
Intermediate metabolizers have one ________ function allele and one ____________ allele
Reduced
Non-functional
A poor metabolizer has ___ _________ alleles
no functional
Relationship between drug dose and the resulting degree of response is known as _____ _______ definition.
Drug-response
The total amount of drug administered to an organism
is known as the ______.
Dose
How an individual reacts to a drug is known as the _______.
Response
Drug response curves are typically _______ curves.
Sigmoid
Hypersusceptible people respond at a _____ dose, while hyporeactive people respond at _____ doses.
Low
High
The maximal effect is known as the ____.
Emax
Quantal is the “____ __ ______” effect in a population.
All or nothing (Ex: % of people whose BP is lowered by a drug)
Comparing the effects of two or more drugs is referred to as _______.
Potency
A drug with a higher potency would be given in _______ doses and administered ______.
lower
slower
Potency is the ______, efficacy is the ______.
Dose
Effect
What is the area between the therapeutic effect and the toxic effect referred to as?
This is also defined as the ratio of dose required to produce toxic effect over dose needed for therapeutic response
Therapeutic index
The Dosage of a substance which is lethal to 50% of population is known as the ____.
LD50
If the therapeutic index is a larger ratio, that drug is typically _______.
safer
Simplistically, NTI drugs are _____ _____ drugs.
Also defined by the FDA as drugs in which comparatively small differences in dose or concentration may lead to serious therapeutic failures and/or serious adverse drug reactions.
Critical dose
What are the FOUR variabilities of response.
- Drug Concentration
- Length of Exposure
- Route of administration
- Chemical molecular structure
Any biological molecule to which a drug binds to produce a measurable response is known as a ________.
Receptor
These are small molecule that binds to site on receptor protein.
Ligands
The attraction between a drug and a receptor is known as _______.
Affinity.
Drug binds receptors even when concentration low have _____ affinity.
Drugs that need higher concentration for effective binding have ______ affinity.
HIgh
Low
These receptors affect only one type of cell/tissues and produe a specific physiological response.
Selective
An _______ triggers a response.
agonist
An __________ blocks a response.
Antagonist
A full agonist has a _______ _____ at full receptor occupancy.
Maximum response
A partial agonist produces a ______ response at full receptor occupancy
Lesser
A partial agonist can act as an _______ if given with full agonist
Antagonist
An inverse agonist has the _____ ____ of agonists and ______ receptor activity.
opposite effect
inhibits
An antagonist ________/________ the actions of a drug/ligand at a receptor.
decreases/opposes
Noncompetitive antagonist have ________ effects as they induce ___________ changes the prevents activation when a _______ binds. This decreases ________.
irreversible
confirmational
ligand
efficacy
A functional antagonist acts at a _______ receptor and _____ the actions of an agonist.
separate
opposes
Chemical antagonist bind to the ________ and prevents interaction with a receptor.
agonist
Be able to draw the curve for a full agonist, partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist.
DRAW
Anaphylaxis, urticaria, angioedema (Immediately) are ______ _ allergic reactions.
Type 1 (Tx: Glucocorticoids, epinephrine)
_____ __ allergic reactionsmodify host porteins creating an antibody response.
Type 2 (Tx: Transfusion)
_____ __ allergic reactions, also known as serum sickness, develop multisystem complement-dependent vasculitis.
Type 3
_____ __ allergic reactions result in contact dermatitis.
Type 4
