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Pharm 1 > Pharm 1 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharm 1 - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which kind of infection is less severe and just has to run its course?

A

Viral infection

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2
Q

Which kind of infection is usually more severe and has vaccines?

A

Bacterial infection

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3
Q

Which kind of infection is very severe and there aren’t a lot of treatments?

A

Systemic fungal infection

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4
Q

Superinfections occur when

A

A broad spectrum antibiotic kills off good bacteria which makes room for bad bacteria to thrive

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5
Q

When a patient shows signs of an infection, what do you do with cultures and treatment?

A

TAKE CULTURES BEFORE IMPURIC TREATMENT

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6
Q

Therapeutic response is where a patient is

A

Getting better; symptoms are resolving

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7
Q

Sub-therapeutic response is where a patient is

A

Not getting better or showing signs that we are looking for

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8
Q

The Beta Lactam Antibiotics are

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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9
Q

Which of the Beta Lactam Antibiotics are all broad spectrum and kind of in a pack?(allergy to one, allergy to all, resistant to one, resistant to all)

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

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10
Q

What is the prototype of penicillin?

How is it given?

A

Amoxicillin (Amoxil)

PO (capsules, tablets, oral suspension)

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11
Q

What is the prototype of cephalosporins?

How is it given?

A

Cephalexin (Keflex)

PO (capsules, tablets, oral suspension)

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12
Q

What is the prototype of carbapenems?

How is it given?

A

Imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin)

IV, IM

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13
Q

What is the prototype of monobactams?

How is it given?

A

Aztreonam (Azactam)

IV, IM, Inhaled powder

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14
Q

Monobactams are good coverage for

A

Gram negative bacteria

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15
Q

Vancomycin brand name is

A

Vancocin

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16
Q

Vancomycin is used to treat

A

MRSA
C. Diff
Pts allergic to penicillin

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17
Q

Vancomycin adverse drug effects

A

Renal failure
Redman syndrome
Ototoxicity
Irritates veins

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18
Q

Admin considerations for vancomycin

A

Can irritate veins
- make sure IV is patent and check often

Is incompatible with other drugs
- use separate IV or lumen

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19
Q

Vanco trough level

When do you check?

If trough is too high or low?

A

15-20 mcg/mL

Right before the next dose

Too high - lower dose
Too low - raise dose

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20
Q

Redman Syndrome is where a patient presents with

This occurs because of

A

Flushing of the face and trunk, and hives/itching (hypersensitivity)

Running the infusion too fast.

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21
Q

Tetracycline is the drug of choice for

Also used to treat

A

Chlamydia
Mycoplasmal infections
Cholera
Anthrax

Acne

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22
Q

Who should not receive tetracycline and why?

A

Pregnant women or children
B/C of teeth staining
Can also affect the long bone growth of a fetus

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23
Q

Adverse drug effects of tetracycline

A

N/V/D
C. Diff
Candidiasis
Photosensitivity

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24
Q

What is the drug interaction with tetracycline?

A

Decreases the effectiveness of oral contraceptives

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25
Pt education for tetracycline
Stay out of the sun/wear protective clothes Take meds with food if gut upset No dairy products for a couple of hours after taking
26
What is the prototype for Macrolides?
Erythromycin
27
Erythromycin can be used to treat
``` Legionnaires' disease Whooping cough Chlamydia Pneumonia Diphtheria ```
28
Adverse drug effects of erythromycin
N/V/D Ototoxicity Candidiasis C. Diff
29
Erythromycin can cause
Ventricular dysrhythmia
30
What is the drug interaction for erythromycin?
Increases the affects of warfarin - patient can bleed easily
31
What is the prototype for aminoglycosides?
Gentamicin
32
Gentamicin can be used to treat
E. coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa
33
Adverse drug effects of gentamicin
Ototoxicity | Nephrotoxicity
34
Trough level of gentamicin Toxic level
Goal is at or below 1 mcg/mL Above 2 mcg/mL
35
What is the prototype for fluoroquinolones?
Ciprofloxacin
36
Ciprofloxacin is used to treat
Severe UTI | Anthrax
37
Ciprofloxacin can cause
Tendon rupture (rare)
38
Adverse drug effects of ciprofloxacin
CNS - Dizziness - Headache - Confusion (older adults) Hepatotoxicity - liver - Jaundice - Abd pain - Fatigue
39
Administration considerations for ciprofloxacin
Its hard on the veins | Infuse slowly
40
What is the prototype for sulfonamides?
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
41
Bactrim is used to treat
UTI Pneumocystis pneumonia Otitis media (ear infection)
42
Adverse drug effects of Bactrim
N/V Stevens Johnson **Stop infusion** c. Diff Candidiasis
43
A patient reacting with Stevens Johnson would present with
Skin sloughing off **can be reversed but may leave scars**
44
Patient education for Bactrim
Drink a lot of water AVOID ALCOHOL - Disulfiram reaction
45
What is a disulfiram reaction?
A patient gets incredibly ill when drinking alcohol while taking certain medications -Exorcist vomiting
46
What is the prototype for urinary tract aseptics?
Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)
47
Nitrofurantoin treats
UTIs - concentrates in the urine so that is all it will treat
48
Adverse drug effects of nitrofurantoin
Peripheral neuropathy in those with renal dysfunction Nausea
49
Metronidazole (Flagyl) treats
Bacterial and protozoal infections
50
Adverse drug effects of metronidazole
Disulfiram reaction N/V/D Seizures
51
Administration considerations for metronidazole
Not compatible IV with most meds - needs its own line/lumen
52
What is the prototype for antivirals?
Acyclovir (Zovirax)
53
Acyclovir is used to treat
Herpes simplex - genital herpes Varicella (herpes zoster) - shingles Herpes labialis - cold sores
54
Acyclovir adverse drug effects
Depends on form/route of administration Topical (most common) - burning and itching Systemic - N/V/D IV - Renal toxicity/damage
55
Acyclovir patient education
Wear gloves when applying topical If you have lesions with genital herpes, avoid all sexual intercourse If you don't have lesions, still wear a condom
56
What are the prototypes of antitubercular drugs?
Isoniazid (INH) Rifampin (Rifadin)
57
Isoniazid and rifampin both cause
Hepatotoxicity
58
What are drug interactions for isoniazid and rifampin?
DRESS | Oral contraceptive
59
DRESS stands for What are the signs
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Systems Rash Facial swelling Lymph adenopathy
60
Adherence education for isoniazid and rifampin
Could be 6-9 months but you need to finish the whole course otherwise you could start to develop resistance
61
Isoniazid can cause because of
Peripheral neuropathy Deficiency in B6
62
Rifampin can cause
Color change to urine, saliva, sputum, sweat, teeth, and tears/contact lenses (brown/orangey red)
63
What are the prototypes for antifungals?
Amphotericin B (Fungizone) Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
64
Ampho B is used to treat
Serious systemic fungal infections
65
Ampho B adverse drug effects
``` Nephrotoxicity Infusion reactions - Fever - Chills - Nausea - Tachycardia - Hypotension ``` Terrible on veins
66
If you suspect a patient will have a infusion reaction with ampho B, what can you do?
Pretreat with tylenol, antihistamines, antiemetics Decrease potential by infusing slowly
67
Ketoconazole is used in what form?
Topical | like for athletes foot
68
Adverse drug effects of ketoconazole
Possible skin reaction
69
What is the prototype for Ace Inhibitors?
Captopril (Capoten) - First Line-
70
Captopril adverse effects
Hypotension - first dose effect | Dry, non productive cough (might not be helped by anything)
71
Captopril patient education
BP - Patient will need to take BP at home and keep a log to see trends Orthostatic hypotension - position changes (lying to sitting, sitting to standing; go slowly) - reduces risk for falls Watch potassium in their diet b/c med can cause in serum potassium levels
72
Captopril drug interactions
Potassium-sparing diuretics | Potassium supplements
73
What is the prototype for ARBs?
Losartan (Cozaar) First line med *If a cough with captopril, will switch to this*
74
Losartan adverse drug effects
Hypotension Headache Angioedema
75
Losartan patient education
Keep a BP log
76
What is the prototype for direct renin inhibitors?
Aliskiren (Tekturna)
77
Aliskiren adverse drug effects
Hyperkalemia | Angioedema
78
Aliskiren patient education
No high fat meals with med admin (interrupts absorption) Avoid potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, potassium salt substitutes
79
If a patient reacts to a drug with angioedema, what should they do
Go to emergency department
80
What is the prototype for Calcium Channel Blockers?
Nifedipine (Procardia) First line drug
81
Nifedipine adverse drug effects
``` Reflex tachycardia (BP lowers, body freaks out and increases HR; may be on beta blocker to keep HR under control) - Agina ``` Headache Dizziness
82
Nifedipine patient education
Take BP and HR (parameters will be prescribed by doctor) No grapefruit
83
What is the prototype for alpha1 blockers?
Doxazosin (Cardura)
84
Doxazosin adverse drug effects
Orthostatic hypotension - first dose effect Reflex tachycardia
85
Doxazosin patient education
Position changes to avoid falls Take first dose right before bed to help with orthostatic hypotension
86
Doxazosin drug interaction
Sildenafil (Viagra) - hypotension risk
87
What are the prototypes for beta blockers?
Atenolol (Tenormin) Metoprolol (Lopressor)
88
Atenolol and metoprolol adverse drug effects
Bradycardia Orthostatic hypotension Heart failure - smaller contractions, heart not working as effectively
89
Atenolol and metoprolol are extremely helpful when?
Post-MI phase - cardiac protective after event
90
Atenolol and metoprolol patient education
Take pulse and BP TAPER OFF - no cold turkey - would send BP through the roof Heart failure symptoms Diabetic pts - Beta blockers mask hypoglycemia signs - Take BS more frequently
91
What is the prototype for centrally acting alpha2 agonists?
Clonidine (Catapres)
92
Clonidine adverse drug effects
Drowsiness Dizziness Rebound hypertensive crisis
93
Clonidine patient education
Take at bedtime Avoid driving/mechanical equipment Taper down
94
What is the prototype for Alpha/Beta Blockers?
Carvedilol (Coreg)
95
Carvedilol adverse drug effects
Hypotension | Bradycardia
96
Carvedilol patient education
Positions changing | Take pulse and BP
97
What is the prototype for direct-acting vasodilators?
Hydralazine (Apresoline)
98
Hydralazine adverse drug effects
Reflex tachycardia Dizziness Potential hypertensive crisis (taper drug)
99
Hydralazine patient education
Position changing | Taper drug
100
Hydralazine can be used in what special circumstance?
Hypertensive crisis- through IV to lower BP quickly

Pharm 1 (6 decks)

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