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Pharm 1 > Pharm 1 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharm 1 - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which kind of infection is less severe and just has to run its course?

A

Viral infection

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2
Q

Which kind of infection is usually more severe and has vaccines?

A

Bacterial infection

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3
Q

Which kind of infection is very severe and there aren’t a lot of treatments?

A

Systemic fungal infection

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4
Q

Superinfections occur when

A

A broad spectrum antibiotic kills off good bacteria which makes room for bad bacteria to thrive

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5
Q

When a patient shows signs of an infection, what do you do with cultures and treatment?

A

TAKE CULTURES BEFORE IMPURIC TREATMENT

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6
Q

Therapeutic response is where a patient is

A

Getting better; symptoms are resolving

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7
Q

Sub-therapeutic response is where a patient is

A

Not getting better or showing signs that we are looking for

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8
Q

The Beta Lactam Antibiotics are

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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9
Q

Which of the Beta Lactam Antibiotics are all broad spectrum and kind of in a pack?(allergy to one, allergy to all, resistant to one, resistant to all)

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

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10
Q

What is the prototype of penicillin?

How is it given?

A

Amoxicillin (Amoxil)

PO (capsules, tablets, oral suspension)

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11
Q

What is the prototype of cephalosporins?

How is it given?

A

Cephalexin (Keflex)

PO (capsules, tablets, oral suspension)

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12
Q

What is the prototype of carbapenems?

How is it given?

A

Imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin)

IV, IM

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13
Q

What is the prototype of monobactams?

How is it given?

A

Aztreonam (Azactam)

IV, IM, Inhaled powder

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14
Q

Monobactams are good coverage for

A

Gram negative bacteria

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15
Q

Vancomycin brand name is

A

Vancocin

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16
Q

Vancomycin is used to treat

A

MRSA
C. Diff
Pts allergic to penicillin

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17
Q

Vancomycin adverse drug effects

A

Renal failure
Redman syndrome
Ototoxicity
Irritates veins

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18
Q

Admin considerations for vancomycin

A

Can irritate veins
- make sure IV is patent and check often

Is incompatible with other drugs
- use separate IV or lumen

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19
Q

Vanco trough level

When do you check?

If trough is too high or low?

A

15-20 mcg/mL

Right before the next dose

Too high - lower dose
Too low - raise dose

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20
Q

Redman Syndrome is where a patient presents with

This occurs because of

A

Flushing of the face and trunk, and hives/itching (hypersensitivity)

Running the infusion too fast.

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21
Q

Tetracycline is the drug of choice for

Also used to treat

A

Chlamydia
Mycoplasmal infections
Cholera
Anthrax

Acne

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22
Q

Who should not receive tetracycline and why?

A

Pregnant women or children
B/C of teeth staining
Can also affect the long bone growth of a fetus

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23
Q

Adverse drug effects of tetracycline

A

N/V/D
C. Diff
Candidiasis
Photosensitivity

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24
Q

What is the drug interaction with tetracycline?

A

Decreases the effectiveness of oral contraceptives

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25
Q

Pt education for tetracycline

A

Stay out of the sun/wear protective clothes

Take meds with food if gut upset

No dairy products for a couple of hours after taking

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26
Q

What is the prototype for Macrolides?

A

Erythromycin

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27
Q

Erythromycin can be used to treat

A 
Legionnaires' disease
Whooping cough
Chlamydia
Pneumonia
Diphtheria
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28
Q

Adverse drug effects of erythromycin

A

N/V/D
Ototoxicity
Candidiasis
C. Diff

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29
Q

Erythromycin can cause

A

Ventricular dysrhythmia

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30
Q

What is the drug interaction for erythromycin?

A

Increases the affects of warfarin - patient can bleed easily

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31
Q

What is the prototype for aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamicin

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32
Q

Gentamicin can be used to treat

A

E. coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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33
Q

Adverse drug effects of gentamicin

A

Ototoxicity

Nephrotoxicity

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34
Q

Trough level of gentamicin

Toxic level

A

Goal is at or below 1 mcg/mL

Above 2 mcg/mL

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35
Q

What is the prototype for fluoroquinolones?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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36
Q

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat

A

Severe UTI

Anthrax

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37
Q

Ciprofloxacin can cause

A

Tendon rupture (rare)

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38
Q

Adverse drug effects of ciprofloxacin

A

CNS

  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Confusion (older adults)

Hepatotoxicity - liver

  • Jaundice
  • Abd pain
  • Fatigue
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39
Q

Administration considerations for ciprofloxacin

A

Its hard on the veins

Infuse slowly

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40
Q

What is the prototype for sulfonamides?

A

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

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41
Q

Bactrim is used to treat

A

UTI
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Otitis media (ear infection)

42
Q

Adverse drug effects of Bactrim

A

N/V
Stevens Johnson
Stop infusion

c. Diff
Candidiasis

43
Q

A patient reacting with Stevens Johnson would present with

A

Skin sloughing off

can be reversed but may leave scars

44
Q

Patient education for Bactrim

A

Drink a lot of water
AVOID ALCOHOL
- Disulfiram reaction

45
Q

What is a disulfiram reaction?

A

A patient gets incredibly ill when drinking alcohol while taking certain medications

-Exorcist vomiting

46
Q

What is the prototype for urinary tract aseptics?

A

Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)

47
Q

Nitrofurantoin treats

A

UTIs

  • concentrates in the urine so that is all it will treat
48
Q

Adverse drug effects of nitrofurantoin

A

Peripheral neuropathy in those with renal dysfunction

Nausea

49
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl) treats

A

Bacterial and protozoal infections

50
Q

Adverse drug effects of metronidazole

A

Disulfiram reaction
N/V/D
Seizures

51
Q

Administration considerations for metronidazole

A

Not compatible IV with most meds - needs its own line/lumen

52
Q

What is the prototype for antivirals?

A

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

53
Q

Acyclovir is used to treat

A

Herpes simplex - genital herpes
Varicella (herpes zoster) - shingles
Herpes labialis - cold sores

54
Q

Acyclovir adverse drug effects

A

Depends on form/route of administration

Topical (most common)
- burning and itching

Systemic
- N/V/D

IV
- Renal toxicity/damage

55
Q

Acyclovir patient education

A

Wear gloves when applying topical

If you have lesions with genital herpes, avoid all sexual intercourse
If you don’t have lesions, still wear a condom

56
Q

What are the prototypes of antitubercular drugs?

A

Isoniazid (INH)

Rifampin (Rifadin)

57
Q

Isoniazid and rifampin both cause

A

Hepatotoxicity

58
Q

What are drug interactions for isoniazid and rifampin?

A

DRESS

Oral contraceptive

59
Q

DRESS stands for

What are the signs

A

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Systems

Rash
Facial swelling
Lymph adenopathy

60
Q

Adherence education for isoniazid and rifampin

A

Could be 6-9 months but you need to finish the whole course otherwise you could start to develop resistance

61
Q

Isoniazid can cause

because of

A

Peripheral neuropathy

Deficiency in B6

62
Q

Rifampin can cause

A

Color change to urine, saliva, sputum, sweat, teeth, and tears/contact lenses (brown/orangey red)

63
Q

What are the prototypes for antifungals?

A

Amphotericin B (Fungizone)

Ketoconazole (Nizoral)

64
Q

Ampho B is used to treat

A

Serious systemic fungal infections

65
Q

Ampho B adverse drug effects

A 
Nephrotoxicity
Infusion reactions
- Fever
- Chills
- Nausea
- Tachycardia
- Hypotension

Terrible on veins

66
Q

If you suspect a patient will have a infusion reaction with ampho B, what can you do?

A

Pretreat with tylenol, antihistamines, antiemetics

Decrease potential by infusing slowly

67
Q

Ketoconazole is used in what form?

A

Topical

like for athletes foot

68
Q

Adverse drug effects of ketoconazole

A

Possible skin reaction

69
Q

What is the prototype for Ace Inhibitors?

A

Captopril (Capoten)

  • First Line-
70
Q

Captopril adverse effects

A

Hypotension - first dose effect

Dry, non productive cough (might not be helped by anything)

71
Q

Captopril patient education

A

BP
- Patient will need to take BP at home and keep a log to see trends

Orthostatic hypotension

  • position changes (lying to sitting, sitting to standing; go slowly)
  • reduces risk for falls

Watch potassium in their diet b/c med can cause in serum potassium levels

72
Q

Captopril drug interactions

A

Potassium-sparing diuretics

Potassium supplements

73
Q

What is the prototype for ARBs?

A

Losartan (Cozaar)

First line med
If a cough with captopril, will switch to this

74
Q

Losartan adverse drug effects

A

Hypotension
Headache
Angioedema

75
Q

Losartan patient education

A

Keep a BP log

76
Q

What is the prototype for direct renin inhibitors?

A

Aliskiren (Tekturna)

77
Q

Aliskiren adverse drug effects

A

Hyperkalemia

Angioedema

78
Q

Aliskiren patient education

A

No high fat meals with med admin (interrupts absorption)

Avoid potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, potassium salt substitutes

79
Q

If a patient reacts to a drug with angioedema, what should they do

A

Go to emergency department

80
Q

What is the prototype for Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Nifedipine (Procardia)

First line drug

81
Q

Nifedipine adverse drug effects

A 
Reflex tachycardia (BP lowers, body freaks out and increases HR; may be on beta blocker to keep HR under control)
- Agina

Headache
Dizziness

82
Q

Nifedipine patient education

A

Take BP and HR (parameters will be prescribed by doctor)

No grapefruit

83
Q

What is the prototype for alpha1 blockers?

A

Doxazosin (Cardura)

84
Q

Doxazosin adverse drug effects

A

Orthostatic hypotension - first dose effect

Reflex tachycardia

85
Q

Doxazosin patient education

A

Position changes to avoid falls

Take first dose right before bed to help with orthostatic hypotension

86
Q

Doxazosin drug interaction

A

Sildenafil (Viagra) - hypotension risk

87
Q

What are the prototypes for beta blockers?

A

Atenolol (Tenormin)

Metoprolol (Lopressor)

88
Q

Atenolol and metoprolol adverse drug effects

A

Bradycardia
Orthostatic hypotension
Heart failure - smaller contractions, heart not working as effectively

89
Q

Atenolol and metoprolol are extremely helpful when?

A

Post-MI phase - cardiac protective after event

90
Q

Atenolol and metoprolol patient education

A

Take pulse and BP
TAPER OFF - no cold turkey - would send BP through the roof

Heart failure symptoms

Diabetic pts

  • Beta blockers mask hypoglycemia signs
  • Take BS more frequently
91
Q

What is the prototype for centrally acting alpha2 agonists?

A

Clonidine (Catapres)

92
Q

Clonidine adverse drug effects

A

Drowsiness
Dizziness
Rebound hypertensive crisis

93
Q

Clonidine patient education

A

Take at bedtime
Avoid driving/mechanical equipment
Taper down

94
Q

What is the prototype for Alpha/Beta Blockers?

A

Carvedilol (Coreg)

95
Q

Carvedilol adverse drug effects

A

Hypotension

Bradycardia

96
Q

Carvedilol patient education

A

Positions changing

Take pulse and BP

97
Q

What is the prototype for direct-acting vasodilators?

A

Hydralazine (Apresoline)

98
Q

Hydralazine adverse drug effects

A

Reflex tachycardia
Dizziness
Potential hypertensive crisis (taper drug)

99
Q

Hydralazine patient education

A

Position changing

Taper drug

100
Q

Hydralazine can be used in what special circumstance?

A

Hypertensive crisis- through IV to lower BP quickly

Pharm 1 (6 decks)

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