Pharm 1

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

Any substance that – through its chemical action – brings about a change in function.

Question 2

Formulation

Answer 2

process by which different chemicals are combined to make a final product.

Question 3

Solution

Answer 3

a homogeneous mixture of a solid, liquid or gas usually with a liquid.

Question 4

Suspension

Answer 4

a mixture of a drug(s) with a liquid where the drug particles do not dissolve in the liquid.

Question 5

Colloid

Answer 5

a homogeneous, noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance. Colloids include gels, sols, and emulsions; the particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension.

Question 6

Tincure

Answer 6

a preparation made by dissolving a drug in alcohol.

Question 7

Syrup

Answer 7

a sugary liquid preparation that could be a solution, suspension or other and may contain alcohol.

Question 8

Oral formation: capsule

Answer 8

drug formulation in which a shell, usually made of gelatin, is used to package the drug.

Question 9

Oral formation: tablet

Answer 9

a hardened (often pressed under high pressure) condensed mass of drug.

Question 10

Oral formation: sublingual tablet

Answer 10

tablet that is specifically designed to rapidly dissolve beneath the tongue and be absorbed under the tongue.

Question 11

Oral formation: Troche/lozenge

Answer 11

a small, usually sweetened, hardened medicated mixture that is designed to be held in the mouth and slowly dissolve.

Question 12

Oral formulation: immediate-release (IR)

Answer 12

A formulation of a drug that allows for the the standard release of medication from the dosage form right after administration. (i.e., is NOT extended release).

Question 13

Oral formulation: extended-release (ER)

Answer 13

A dosage form that allows for at least a two-fold reduction in dosing frequency as compared to immediate release form; drug releases slowly over time ex. 12 or 24 hr dosing.
Also known as SR, XR, CR, LA, XT, CD.

Question 14

Mechanism of action (MOA)

Answer 14

explanation of which specific molecular target(s) a drug binds to in order to cause a pharmacological effect

Question 15

Agonist

Answer 15

chemical compound that binds to a receptor and causes the same response as the body’s endogenous chemical

Question 16

Antagonist

Answer 16

a chemical compound that binds to a receptor and blocks the response that the endogenous chemicals would cause.

Question 17

Poison

Answer 17

a chemical compound that binds to a receptor and blocks the response that the endogenous chemicals would cause.

Question 18

Toxin

Answer 18

a poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism.

Question 19

Toxicity

Answer 19

the degree to which a substance (toxin or poison) can harm an organism.

Question 20

Antidote

Answer 20

a drug that counteracts the effects of a poison.

Question 21

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes and excretes a drug (what the body does to the drug).

Question 22

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 22

study of the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug on the body (what the drug does to the body).

Question 23

Concentration gradient

Answer 23

measurement of how the concentration of a chemical changes from one side of a permeable barrier to the other side.

Question 24

Passive diffusion

Answer 24

movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane without the use of energy. Always down a concentration gradient (from higher concentration to lower concentration).

Question 25

Active transport

Answer 25

movement of ions or molecules across a membrane against the electrochemical or concentration gradient with the use of energy.

Question 26

Hydrophilic

Answer 26

having high affinity for water, readily absorbs or dissolves in water.

Question 27

Hydrophobic/lipophilic

Answer 27

repels/unable to dissolve in water. Readily dissolves/absorbs into lipids.

Question 28

Effectiveness

Answer 28

measurement of efficacy, tolerability and ease of use.

Question 29

Efficacy

Answer 29

the ability of a drug to produces a desired and measurable effect.

Question 30

Potency

Answer 30

measure of dose vs effect. Low dose with high effect is more potent than a high dose to get the same effect.

Question 31

Placebo

Answer 31

an inert preparation that is typically used to compare an active drug.

Question 32

Area under the curve

Answer 32

amount of drug present in circulation over a specific time frame.

Question 33

Bioavailability

Answer 33

amount of drug systemically absorbed, available to the body after a dose.

Question 34

Bioequivalence

Answer 34

two drugs with the same active ingredient(s) and the same formulation that have similar bioavailability.

Question 35

ED50

Answer 35

effective dose in 50% of the population

Question 36

ED 99

Answer 36

effective dose in 99% of the population.

Question 37

TD 50

Answer 37

toxic dose in 50% of the population.

Question 38

LD 50

Answer 38

lethal dose in 50% of the population.

Question 39

Route of administration

Answer 39

the location/method that the drug is introduced to the body.

Question 40

Route of administration: Enteral

Answer 40

Drug delivery via the digestive tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum)

Question 41

PO

Answer 41

by mouth-swallowed, sublingual (SL): under the tongue, etc.

Question 42

Route of administration: Parenteral

Answer 42

Delivery that is not via the digestive tract (IV, IM, Sub-Q)

Question 43

Intravenous (IV) injection

Answer 43

Directly into a vein

Question 44

Intramuscular (IM) injection

Answer 44

Directly into the muscle

Question 45

Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injection

Answer 45

Directly into fatty tissue

Question 46

Transdermal

Answer 46

Across the dermis

Question 47

Route of administration: Topical

Answer 47

Onto a surface

Question 48

Route of administration: Opthalmic

Answer 48

Into the eyes

Question 49

Route of administration: Otic

Answer 49

Into the ears

Question 50

Route of administration: Buccal

Answer 50

Between the cheeks and the gums