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Pharm 1 and Beyond > Pharm 1 > Flashcards

Pharm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Any substance that – through its chemical action – brings about a change in function.

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2
Q

Formulation

A

process by which different chemicals are combined to make a final product.

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3
Q

Solution

A

a homogeneous mixture of a solid, liquid or gas usually with a liquid.

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4
Q

Suspension

A

a mixture of a drug(s) with a liquid where the drug particles do not dissolve in the liquid.

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5
Q

Colloid

A

a homogeneous, noncrystalline substance consisting of large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance. Colloids include gels, sols, and emulsions; the particles do not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a suspension.

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6
Q

Tincure

A

a preparation made by dissolving a drug in alcohol.

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7
Q

Syrup

A

a sugary liquid preparation that could be a solution, suspension or other and may contain alcohol.

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8
Q

Oral formation: capsule

A

drug formulation in which a shell, usually made of gelatin, is used to package the drug.

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9
Q

Oral formation: tablet

A

a hardened (often pressed under high pressure) condensed mass of drug.

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10
Q

Oral formation: sublingual tablet

A

tablet that is specifically designed to rapidly dissolve beneath the tongue and be absorbed under the tongue.

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11
Q

Oral formation: Troche/lozenge

A

a small, usually sweetened, hardened medicated mixture that is designed to be held in the mouth and slowly dissolve.

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12
Q

Oral formulation: immediate-release (IR)

A

A formulation of a drug that allows for the the standard release of medication from the dosage form right after administration. (i.e., is NOT extended release).

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13
Q

Oral formulation: extended-release (ER)

A

A dosage form that allows for at least a two-fold reduction in dosing frequency as compared to immediate release form; drug releases slowly over time ex. 12 or 24 hr dosing.
Also known as SR, XR, CR, LA, XT, CD.

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14
Q

Mechanism of action (MOA)

A

explanation of which specific molecular target(s) a drug binds to in order to cause a pharmacological effect

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15
Q

Agonist

A

chemical compound that binds to a receptor and causes the same response as the body’s endogenous chemical

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16
Q

Antagonist

A

a chemical compound that binds to a receptor and blocks the response that the endogenous chemicals would cause.

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17
Q

Poison

A

a chemical compound that binds to a receptor and blocks the response that the endogenous chemicals would cause.

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18
Q

Toxin

A

a poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism.

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19
Q

Toxicity

A

the degree to which a substance (toxin or poison) can harm an organism.

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20
Q

Antidote

A

a drug that counteracts the effects of a poison.

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21
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes and excretes a drug (what the body does to the drug).

22
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

study of the biochemical and physiological effects of a drug on the body (what the drug does to the body).

23
Q

Concentration gradient

A

measurement of how the concentration of a chemical changes from one side of a permeable barrier to the other side.

24
Q

Passive diffusion

A

movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane without the use of energy. Always down a concentration gradient (from higher concentration to lower concentration).

25
Q

Active transport

A

movement of ions or molecules across a membrane against the electrochemical or concentration gradient with the use of energy.

26
Q

Hydrophilic

A

having high affinity for water, readily absorbs or dissolves in water.

27
Q

Hydrophobic/lipophilic

A

repels/unable to dissolve in water. Readily dissolves/absorbs into lipids.

28
Q

Effectiveness

A

measurement of efficacy, tolerability and ease of use.

29
Q

Efficacy

A

the ability of a drug to produces a desired and measurable effect.

30
Q

Potency

A

measure of dose vs effect. Low dose with high effect is more potent than a high dose to get the same effect.

31
Q

Placebo

A

an inert preparation that is typically used to compare an active drug.

32
Q

Area under the curve

A

amount of drug present in circulation over a specific time frame.

33
Q

Bioavailability

A

amount of drug systemically absorbed, available to the body after a dose.

34
Q

Bioequivalence

A

two drugs with the same active ingredient(s) and the same formulation that have similar bioavailability.

35
Q

ED50

A

effective dose in 50% of the population

36
Q

ED 99

A

effective dose in 99% of the population.

37
Q

TD 50

A

toxic dose in 50% of the population.

38
Q

LD 50

A

lethal dose in 50% of the population.

39
Q

Route of administration

A

the location/method that the drug is introduced to the body.

40
Q

Route of administration: Enteral

A

Drug delivery via the digestive tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum)

41
Q

PO

A

by mouth-swallowed, sublingual (SL): under the tongue, etc.

42
Q

Route of administration: Parenteral

A

Delivery that is not via the digestive tract (IV, IM, Sub-Q)

43
Q

Intravenous (IV) injection

A

Directly into a vein

44
Q

Intramuscular (IM) injection

A

Directly into the muscle

45
Q

Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injection

A

Directly into fatty tissue

46
Q

Transdermal

A

Across the dermis

47
Q

Route of administration: Topical

A

Onto a surface

48
Q

Route of administration: Opthalmic

A

Into the eyes

49
Q

Route of administration: Otic

A

Into the ears

50
Q

Route of administration: Buccal

A

Between the cheeks and the gums

Pharm 1 and Beyond (3 decks)

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