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BLOCK 2 - Embryology (Grace) > Pharengeal Apparatus > Flashcards

Pharengeal Apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

Structurs that give rise to the head & neck develop form the pharengeal apparatus. This consists of what 4 types of structures?

A

Pharyngeal arches

Pharyngeal pouches

Pharyngeal grooves

Pharyngeal membranes

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2
Q

Pharyngeal Arches are fromed from what types of tissues?

A

somitomeric mesoderm and neural crest cells

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3
Q

Pharyngeal Arches:

the mesoderm tissues differentiates into which structures?

A

muscles and arteries (aortic arches)

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4
Q

Pharyngeal Arches:

the neural crest cells differentiate into which structures?

A

bone and connective tissue

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5
Q

Each pharengeal arch is associate with what?

A

a cranial nerve

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6
Q

By what week are 4 pharengeal arches visible externally?

Why are the 5th and 6th arches not visible?

A
  • by week 4
  • arches 5 + 6 are rudimentary; not visible externally
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7
Q

Pharengeal Pouches are invaginations of what type of tissue?

A

endoderm

(lining the foregut)

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8
Q

Pharengeal Grooves are invaginations of what type of tissue?

A

ectoderm

(located between each arch)

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9
Q

Pharengeal Memebranes consits of which types of tissues?

A

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

nerual crest cells

(located between each arch)

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10
Q

The 1st pharyngeal arch is also called _______?

It gives rise to what 2 prominences?

A

“mandibular arch”

- maxillary prominence

- mandibular prominence

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11
Q

The maxillary prominence (1st arch) gives rise to what structures?

A
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic bone
  • a portion of the vomer
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12
Q

The mandibular prominence (1st arch) gives rise to what structures?

A
  • mandible
  • squamous temporal bone
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13
Q

The second pharyngeal arch is also called _________?

It contributes to the formation of the hyoid bone, with contributions from which other arches?

A

” hyoid arch”

  • parts of the 3rd + 4th arches help form the hyoid bone
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14
Q

What is the stomodeum?

A

(primordial mouth)

  • appears as a slight depression of the surface ectoderm
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15
Q

Where is the function of the oropharengeal membrance?

What types of tissue does it consist of?

A
  • to separate the stomodeum from the cavity of the primordial pharynx
  • ectoderm externally + endoderm internally
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16
Q

Each pharengeay arch contains what structures?

A
  • artery
  • vein
  • cartilage
  • muscular component
  • sensory + motor nerves
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17
Q

where does the arteries of the pharengeal arches arise from?

Where does it carry blood to?

A
  • arises from ** truncus arteriosus** of the primordial heart
  • goes to the** aorta**
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18
Q

What does the cartilage of the pharyngeal arches form?

A

the skeleton of the arches

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19
Q

What does the muscular component of the pharyngeal arches become?

A

differentiates in to muscles fo the head + neck

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20
Q

What is the cartilage at the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal arch called?

What does it develop into?

A

Meckel cartilage

  • develops the malleus + incus of the middle ear
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21
Q

The middle part of the Meckel cartilage regresses. What is fromed by its remaining perichondrium?

A
  • anterior ligament of malleus
  • sphenomandibular ligament
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22
Q

When does the cartilage of the 1st pharyngeal arch disappear?

What process occurs?

A
  • disappears as the mandible develops around it
  • intramembraneous ossification
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23
Q

What is the cartilage of the 2nd pharyngeal arch called?

What does it develop into?

A

Reichert cartilage

gives rise to:

  • stapes of the middle ear
  • styloid process of the temporal bone
  • stylohyoid ligament
  • lesser cornu of the hyoid bone
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24
Q

What does the cartilage of the 3rd pharyngeal arch develop into?

A

ossifies to form:

  • greater cornu of the hyoid bone
  • inferior part of the hyoid bone
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25
Q

The 1st pharyngeal arch is supplied by what nerve?

What other structures does this nerve innervate?

A

CN V- trigeminal nerve

Also innervates the:

  • face
  • teeth
  • mucous membranes of the nasal cavities
  • palate
  • mouth and tongue

(principle sensory nerve of head + neck)

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26
Q

The 2nd pharyngeal arch is supplied by what nerve?

A

CN VII - Facial nerve

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27
Q

The 3rd pharyngeal arch is supplied by what nerve?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve

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28
Q

The 4th pharyngeal arch is supplied by what nerve?

This nerve supplies what other arch?

A

CN X - Vagus nerve

(superior laryengeal branch + recurrent laryngeal branch)

  • also supplies the 6th arch
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29
Q

First (Mandibular) Arch:

  1. gives rise to what muscles?
  2. gives rise to what skeletal structures?
  3. gives rise to what ligaments?
A

1. MUSCLES

  • muscles of mastication
  • mylohyoid + anterior belly of digastric
  • Tensor Tympani
  • Tensor veli palatini

2. SKELETAL

  • malleus
  • incus

3. LIGAMENTS

  • anterior ligament of malleus
  • sphenomandibular ligament
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30
Q

Second (Hyoid) Arch:

  1. gives rise to what muscles?
  2. gives rise to what skeletal structures?
  3. gives rise to what ligaments?
A

1. MUSCLES

  • muscles of facial expression
  • stapedius
  • stylohyoid
  • posterior belly of digastric

2. SKELETAL

  • stapes
  • styloid process
  • lesser cornu of hyiod bone
  • upper part of body of hyoid bone

3. LIGAMENTS

  • stylohyoid ligament
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31
Q

Third Arch:

  1. gives rise to what muscles?
  2. gives rise to what skeletal structures?
A

1. MUSCLES

  • stylopharyngeus

2. SKELETAL

  • greater cornu of hyoid bone
  • lower part of body of hyoid bone
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32
Q

Fourth Arch:

  1. gives rise to what muscles?
  2. gives rise to what skeletal structures?
  3. gives rise to what ligaments?
A

1. MUSCLES

  • cricothyroid
  • levator veli palatini
  • constrictors of pharynx
  • intrinsic muscles of larynx
  • striated muscles of esophagus

2. SKELETAL

  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage
  • corniculate cartilage
  • cuneiform cartilage
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33
Q

The First Pharyngeal Pouch expands into along which recess?

A

tubotympanic recess

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34
Q

The distal part of the 1st pharengeal pouch is in contact with the first pharyngeal groove.

This gives origin to what membrane?

A

tympanic membrane

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35
Q

The cavity of the tubotympanic recess becomes the ___________ cavity and __________ antrum.

A
  • tympanic cavity
  • mastoid antrum
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36
Q

The cavity of the tubotympanic recess gives to the _________________ tube.

A

tubotympanic tube

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37
Q

The thymus is derived from what type of cells?

A

epithelium

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38
Q

The epithelium cells of the thymus come form what tissue in which pharyngeal arch?

A
  • endoderm
  • 3rd pharyngeal arch
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39
Q

Thymus growth is not complete at birth. How does its growth differ from childhood to adulthood?

A
  • very large in children
  • starts decreasing towards adulthood
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40
Q

What cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the thymus

A

Lymphocytes

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41
Q

Is the pancreas still functional in the adult?

If so, what does it secrete?

If not, don’t worry ‘bout it…

A

thymic hormones

primes thymocytes (T- cell precursors)

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42
Q

The 2nd pharyngeal pouch gives rise to what?

A

palatine tonsil

43
Q

The connection between the Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch and what structure, degenerates during development?

A

the pharynx

44
Q

During week 6, each dorsal part of the 4th pharyngeal pouch forms a …?

A

superior parathyroid gland

45
Q

The parathyroid glands derived from the third pouches goes with what structure?

These glands are more inferior/superior than parathyroid glands derived from the fourth pouches?

A
  • thymus

- inferior to glands from 4th pouch

46
Q

Parathyroid glands:

Epithelium from the which pouches proliferates and forms small nodules?

(forming a capillary network)

A

third and **fourth **

47
Q

Which type of cells grow in the small nodules formed by the proliferating 3rd + 4th pouches?

What overall structure will this form?

A

mesenchyme

  • capillary network
48
Q

What is regulated by the parathyroind in the developing fetus?

A

fetal calcium metabolism

49
Q

What is the first endocrine gland to develop in the embryo?

A

thyroid gland

50
Q

When does the thymus gland begin to develop?

What type of tissue does it arise from?

(name & location)

A

24 days after fertilization

endoderm of the pharynx

51
Q

thyroglossal duct

A

connection between the tongue and the thyroid

52
Q

The thyroid becomes a solid mass of cells and divides into right and left lobes. What are these lobes connected by?

A

the isthmus of the thyroid gland

53
Q

A part of the thyroglossal duct persists as the …?

A

foramen cecum

54
Q

a cyst in the tongue or in the anterior part of the neck (usually under the hyoid bone) is most commonly fromed from what?

A

remnants of thymus tissue

(asymptomatic unless infected)

55
Q

A thyroglossal duct cyst located at the base of the tongue is called…?

A

a lingual cyst

56
Q

Branchial Fistula

A

abnormal canal

  • opens internally into tonsilar sinus
  • opens externally into side of the neck
57
Q

Branchial fistulas are generally found where?

A

along anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle

58
Q

Branchial Cysts are remnants of what?

A

second pharyngeal groove

59
Q

What causes branchial cysts to become enlarged?

A

accumulation of fluid and cellular debris

(painless)

60
Q

Branchial Vestiges

A

pharyngeal cartilages fail to disappear

  • may appear under the skin in the side of the neck
61
Q

First Arch Syndrome is caused by what?

A

insufficient migration of neural crest cells into the first arch

62
Q

What are the 2 types of Frist Arch Syndrome?

A
  • Treacher Collins Syndrome
  • Pierre Robin Syndrome
63
Q

What are some anomolies seen in First Arch Syndrome?

A

Anomalies of the:

eyes

ears

mandible

palate

64
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome

A

Mandibulofacial dysostosis

autosomal dominant gene

clinical signs:

  • Malar hypolasia
  • downslanting palpebral fissures
  • defects of the lower eyelids
  • deformed external ears
65
Q

Pierre Robin Syndrome

A

Autosomal recessive

Clinical signs:

  • hypoplasia of the mandible (micrognathia)
  • bilateral cleft palate
  • defects of the ear and eye
66
Q

DiGorge Syndrome

A

Pharyngeal pouches 3 + 4 fail to differentiate into thymus + parathyroid glands

Clinical signs:

  • facial anomalies = first arch syndrome
  • cardiovascular anomalies (abnormal neural crest cell migration)
  • immunodeficiency (absence of thymus gland)
  • hypocalcemia (absence of parathyroid glands)
67
Q

DiGorge Syndrome is characterized by what condition?

A

congenital hypoparathyroidism:

  • increased susceptibility to infections
  • anomalies of mouth (fish mouth)
  • low set notched ears
  • nasal clefts
  • thyroid hypoplasia
  • cardiac abnormalities
68
Q

Ectopic Parathyroid Glands are found where?

A

near or within thyroid gland or thymus

69
Q

Ectopic location of which parathyroid gland is more frequent?

Where can they be found?

A

inferior parathyroid gland

near carotid artery or in thorax

70
Q

What is the most common presentation of an Ectopic Thyroid Gland?

A

ectopic lingual thyroid tissue

71
Q

Why is it clinically important to differentiate an ectopic thyroid gland from a thyroglossal duct cyst (or accessory thyroid tissue)?

A

to prevent surgical removal of the thyroid gland

72
Q

Congenital Hypothyroidism (or Cretinism) causes what?

A

causes impaired skeletal growth + mental retardation

73
Q

What causes congenital hypothyroidism?

A
  • thyroid deficiency during the early fetal period due to:*
  • severe lack of dietary iodine
  • thyroid agenesis
  • mutations involving the biosynthesis of thyroid hormone
74
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism is characterized by what signs/symptoms?

A

dry, rough skin

wide-set eyes

periorbital puffiness

flat, broad nose

large protuberant tongue

75
Q

In the developed world, nearly all cases of congenital hypothyroidism are detected.

When/how is this detected?

Leves of what substances are measured?

A

detected = newborn screening program (2nd or 3rd day of life)

measured = Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) or thyroxine (T4)

76
Q

What are the 2 parts of the tongue during early stages of development?

A

oral part = anterior 2/3 of tongue

pharyngeal part = posterior 1/3 of tongue

77
Q

The 2 parts of the tongue are seperated by what?

A

terminal sulcus

(v-shaped depression)

78
Q

The tongue buds are formed by the which parts of the tongue?

A

median tongue bud = oral part

2 distal tongue buds = floor of pharynx associated w. 1st pharyngeal arch

79
Q

The distal tongue buds overgrow the median tongue bud and fuse in the midline, forming what?

A

the median sulcus

80
Q

What 4 types of papillae characterize the oral part of the tongue?

A

filiform papillae (no taste buds)

fungiform papillae (taste buds)

foliate papillae (taste buds)

circumvallate papillae (taste buds)

81
Q

Name the nerves that do the following:

  1. carry generl sensations from the mucosa
  2. carry taste sensations form the mucosa
  3. innervated the developing tongue muscles
A
  1. Trigeminal nerve (CN V) - lingual branch
  2. Facial nerve (CN VIII)
  3. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
82
Q

What part of the tongue forms from the copula and hypopharyngeal eminence?

These develop in the floor of the pharynx associated with what pharyngeal arches?

A
  • pharyngeal part
  • 2, 3 + 4
83
Q

The hypopharyngeal eminence overgrows the copula, eliminating contribution of what pharyngeal arch in the formation of the definitive adult tongue?

A

pharyngeal arch 2

84
Q

Fissuring of the tongue, macroglossia, microglossia and hypertrophy of the lingual papillae, and some characteristics of Down Syndrome are all example of what?

A

Congenital Anomalies of the Tongue

85
Q

Congenital lingual cysts and fistulas may produce discomfort or dysphagia. What does this term mean?

What causes these fistulas?

A
  • ** difficulty in swallowing**
  • persistence of the thyroglossal duct
86
Q

Ankyloglossia

A

Lingual frenulum is short + extends to the tip of the tongue

  • *lingual frenulum (connects inferior surface of tongue to floor of mouth)*
  • interferes in tongue protrusion
  • makes breast feeding difficult
87
Q

Glossoschisis

(Bifid or cleft Tongue)

A

Incomplete fusion of lateral lingual swellings

= a deep midline groove

(very uncommon)

88
Q

Facial primordia appear around what week of development?

What structure/area do they form around?

A

Week 4

  • the stomodeum
89
Q

What are the 5 facial primordia?

A
  • One frontonasal prominence
  • Two Maxillary prominences
  • Two mandibular prominences
90
Q

What are the bilateral ectodermal thickenings that develop on the ventrolateral aspects of the frontonasal prominence?

A

nasal placodes

91
Q

The nasal placodes invaginate into the mesoderm to form the nasal pits, producing what?

A

a ridge that forms the medial nasal prominence and lateral nasal prominence

92
Q

The nasolacrimal groove forms between what 2 prominences?

This forms the ___________ and ____________.

A

maxillary prominence + lateral nasal prominence

  • nasolacrimal duct + lacrimal sac
93
Q

What are the 2 stages of palate development?

A
  1. The development of the primary palate
  2. The development of a secondary palate
94
Q

Primary Palate

A

two medial nasal prominences fuse together at the midline

= intermaxillary segment

(caused by medial growth of the maxillary prominences)

95
Q

The intermaxillary segment forms the … (3)?

A

philtrum of the lip

four incisor teeth

primary palate

96
Q

Secondary Palate

A

outgrowths of the maxillary prominences called the palatine shelves

  • project downward on either side of tongue; later attain a horizontal position + fuse along the palatine raphe to form secondary palate
97
Q

Where do the primary and secondary palates fuse to form the definitive palate?

A

at the incisive foramen

98
Q

Bone forms in which parts of the palate?

A

primary palate + anterior secondary palate

(not in posterior secondary palate = soft palae + uvula)

99
Q

What develops from the medial nasal prominences and fuses with the definitive palate?

A

nasal septum

100
Q

What is the most common craniofacial anomaly?

What are the 3 types of this?

A

cleft lip + cleft palate

- Anterior cleft anomalies (palatine shelves fail to fuse with the primary palate)

- Posterior cleft palate (palatine shelves fail to fuse with each other and with the nasal septum)

- Anteroposterior cleft palate (combination of both defects)

101
Q

Unilateral cleft lip

A

Results from:

  1. Failure of the maxillary prominence to fuse with the medial nasal prominence.
  2. Failure of the underlying mesoderm and neural crest to expand, resulting in a persistent labial groove.
    * (most common congenital malformation of head + neck)*
102
Q

Bilateral Cleft Lip

A

Results from:

Failure of the mesenchymal masses in both maxillary prominences to meet + unite with the merged medial nasal prominences

complete bilateral cleft of lip + alveolar part of maxilla = medial palatal process hangs free and projects anteriorly

  • defects affect orbicularis oris muscle (closes mouth + purses lip)
103
Q

Complete Cleft Palate

A
  • maximum degree of clefting
  • cleft extends through soft palate and to the incisive fosa (IF)
104
Q

At what stage of development can facial anomalies be detected?

What is used to detect them?

A
  • by the beginning of the second trimester

- sonograph + other imaging techniques

BLOCK 2 - Embryology (Grace) (5 decks)

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