PH WK 1

Question 1

What is public health

Answer 1

The promotion of health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability.
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Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, communities, and individuals.

Question 2

what is the mission of public health

Answer 2

social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make it possible

Question 3

focus of public health

Answer 3

on populations/communities or groups within populations/communities (sub-populations

Question 4

Goal of public health

Answer 4

promote health and prevent disease of populations

Question 5

outcome of public health

Answer 5

healthy communities and populations.

Question 6

3 core Functions of public health

Answer 6

Assessment
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Policy Development
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Assurance

Question 7

2 essential services of Assessment

Answer 7

Monitor Health
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Diagnose & Investigate

Question 8

3 essential services of Policy Development

Answer 8

inform, educate, empower
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mobilize community partnerships
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Develop Policies

Question 9

4 Essential services of Assurance

Answer 9

Enforce Laws
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Link to; provide care
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Assure Competent Workforce
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Evaluate

Question 10

What is public health nursing

Answer 10

practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations
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Uses knowledge from nursing, as well as social and public health sciences, to promote and protect the health of populations.

Question 11

Upstream thinking focuses on…

Answer 11

modifying economic, political, and environmental factors to support better health outcomes “downstream.”

Question 12

levels of prevention in public health nursing

Answer 12

Primary = prevention of problems before they occur

Secondary = early detection and intervention

Tertiary = focuses on supporting self-care management and environmental systems that support self-care management to enhance quality of life

Question 13

Surveillance

Answer 13

Describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions.

Question 14

Outreach

Answer 14

Locates populations-of-interest or populations-at-risk and provides information about the nature of the concern, what can be done about it, and how services can be obtained

Question 15

Screening

Answer 15

Identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in populations

Question 16

Case management

Answer 16

Optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals and families and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide services.

Question 17

Referral and follow-up

Answer 17

Assists individuals, families, groups, organizations, and/or communities to identify and access necessary resources in to prevent or resolve problems or concerns.

Question 18

Health teaching

Answer 18

Communicates facts, ideas and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of individuals, families, systems, and/or communities.

Question 19

Counseling

Answer 19

Establishes an interpersonal relationship with a community, a system, family or individual intended to increase or enhance their capacity for self-care and coping. Counseling engages the community, a system, family or individual at an emotional level.

Question 20

Consultation

Answer 20

Seeks information and generates optional solutions to perceived problems or issues through interactive problem solving with a community, system, family or individual. The community, system, family or individual selects and acts on the option best meeting the circumstances

Question 21

Collaboration

Answer 21

Commits two or more persons or organizations to achieve a common goal through enhancing the capacity of one or more of the members to promote and protect health

Question 22

Coalition building

Answer 22

Promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common purpose. It builds linkages, solves problems, and/or enhances local leadership to address health concerns

Question 23

Community organizing

Answer 23

Helps community groups to identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching the goals they collectively have set.

Question 24

Advocacy

Answer 24

Pleads someone’s cause or act on someone’s behalf, with a focus on developing the community, system, individual or family’s capacity to plead their own cause or act on their own behalf.

Question 25

Social marketing

Answer 25

Utilizes commercial marketing principles and technologies for programs designed to influence the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of the population-of-interest.

Question 26

Policy development

Answer 26

Places health issues on decision-makers’ agendas, acquires a plan of resolution, and determines needed resources. Policy development results in laws, rules and regulation, ordinances, and policies

Question 27

Policy enforcement

Answer 27

Compels others to comply with the laws, rules, regulations, ordinances and policies created in conjunction with policy development.

Question 28

Community

Answer 28

A group of individuals who interact as social units, sharing common characteristics, interests, values, and/or geographic locale.

Question 29

Types of Communities

Answer 29

Face to Face community or virtual community Community based on political jurisdictions or physical boundaries Neighborhood, city, state, national, or international community Community of identifiable need or of special interest

Question 30

Community assessment provides opportunities to

Answer 30

begin to know the community initiate partnerships and develop collaborations with community members

Question 31

community assessment provides the basis for

Answer 31

Identifying risk factors in the community and at-risk populations Identifying community needs AND community strengths Identifying resources in community

Question 32

6 Primary Sources of Data

Answer 32

Personal observation Personal interactions with community members Attending community meetings Windshield surveys Needs assessment surveys (population surveys, focus groups) Key informant interviews

Question 33

6 Secondary Data Sources

Answer 33

Vital statistics Epidemiological data Census data Hospital data Data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Literature reviews

Question 34

12 steps to community needs assessment

Answer 34

Identify aggregate for assessment Engage the community in planning the assessment Identify required information Select method of data gathering Develop questionnaires or interview questions Develop procedures for data collection Train data collectors Conduct a pilot with a sample representative of the aggregate Conduct needs assessment Tabulate and analyze data Identify needs suggested by data Develop an action plan

Question 35

What are the SMART Objectives

Answer 35

Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time-phased

Question 36

Blooms taxonomy from bottom to top

Answer 36

Remember = recognizing and recalling facts Understand = understanding what the facts mean Apply = applying the facts, rules, concepts, and ideas Analyze = breaking down information into component parts Evaluate = judging the value of information or ideas Create = combining parts to make a new whole

Question 37

formative evaluation is intended to

Answer 37

Evaluate the process of implementing the program/intervention Determine if program is operating per planned.

Question 38

Process Evaluation is a type of

Answer 38

formative evaluation

Question 39

Outcome Evaluation focuses on

Answer 39

observable conditions or behaviors that the program was expected to affect most directly and immediately

Question 40

Impact evaluation examines

Answer 40

long-term outcomes - observable conditions or behaviors the program was expected to affect long-term based on the program goals.

Question 41

Examples of evaluation sources:

Answer 41

Interviews Observations Quantitative measures (blood pressures, BMI) Qualitative measures (satisfaction and post-test surveys) Program completion data Morbidity and mortality data

Question 42

what is health education

Answer 42

any combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to health in individuals, groups or communities

Question 43

3 learning domains

Answer 43

Cognitive Affective Psychomotor

Question 44

cognitive domain

Answer 44

Knowledge = memory, recognition, understanding, reasoning, application, problem solving

Question 45

Affective Domain

Answer 45

attitudes = changes in attitudes and values; motivation

Question 46

Psychomotor Domain

Answer 46

skills = skill performance, demonstration, hands-on

Question 47

Goal of health education

Answer 47

translate knowledge into relevant interventions and strategies for health enhancement, disease prevention, and chronic illness management

Question 48

outcomes of health education

Answer 48

enhanced quality of care reduce cost of care

Question 49

role of nurses in health education

Answer 49

Become a partner with the client; collaborate Offer appropriate health information and educational interventions Appropriate for culture, literacy, beliefs, etc. Promote self-care, self-efficacy, and self-advocacy (empowerment) Serve as catalyst for change Activate ideas Negotiate with client or mediate between client and “other” Identify, link to, and facilitate navigation of resources Serve as counselor, consultant, case manager as necessary

Question 50

preplanning in health education

Answer 50

Establish a relationship with clients Assess what clients want to learn and what they think is important Assess where clients are baseline

Question 51

planning and strategy actions

Answer 51

Review the available data. Get community partners involved. Obtain new data. Determine perceptions of health problems. Determine the community’s assets and strengths. Identify underlying issues and knowledge gaps. Establish goals and objectives. Assess resources.

Question 52

Stages for frame work form developing health communications

Answer 52

1 - planning and strategy development 2- developing and pretesting concepts, messages, and materials 3- implementing the program 4- assessing effectiveness and making refinements

Question 53

stage 2 - developing and pretesting concepts, messages, and materials= actions to take

Answer 53

Identify the messages and materials. Decide whether to use existing materials or produce new ones. Select communication channels and formats. Develop relevant materials with the target audience. Pretest the message and materials and obtain audience feedback. select program format select program setting determine how program will be launched

Question 54

stage 3- implementing the program- actions to take

Answer 54

Work with community organizations to enhance effectiveness. Monitor and track progress. Establish process evaluation measures. Evaluate participant experience Evaluate participant learning

Question 55

Stage 4 - assessing effectiveness and making refinements - actions to take

Answer 55

Conduct outcome evaluations. Reassess and revise goals and objectives. Modify unsuccessful strategies or activities. Generate continual support from community groups. Provide justification for continuing/ending the program. Summarize in an evaluation report.