PH WK 1 Flashcards
What is public health
The promotion of health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability.
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Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, communities, and individuals.
what is the mission of public health
social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make it possible
focus of public health
on populations/communities or groups within populations/communities (sub-populations
Goal of public health
promote health and prevent disease of populations
outcome of public health
healthy communities and populations.
3 core Functions of public health
Assessment
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Policy Development
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Assurance
2 essential services of Assessment
Monitor Health
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Diagnose & Investigate
3 essential services of Policy Development
inform, educate, empower
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mobilize community partnerships
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Develop Policies
4 Essential services of Assurance
Enforce Laws
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Link to; provide care
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Assure Competent Workforce
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Evaluate
What is public health nursing
practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations
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Uses knowledge from nursing, as well as social and public health sciences, to promote and protect the health of populations.
Upstream thinking focuses on…
modifying economic, political, and environmental factors to support better health outcomes “downstream.”
levels of prevention in public health nursing
Primary = prevention of problems before they occur
Secondary = early detection and intervention
Tertiary = focuses on supporting self-care management and environmental systems that support self-care management to enhance quality of life
Surveillance
Describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions.
Outreach
Locates populations-of-interest or populations-at-risk and provides information about the nature of the concern, what can be done about it, and how services can be obtained
Screening
Identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in populations
Case management
Optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals and families and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide services.
Referral and follow-up
Assists individuals, families, groups, organizations, and/or communities to identify and access necessary resources in to prevent or resolve problems or concerns.
Health teaching
Communicates facts, ideas and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of individuals, families, systems, and/or communities.
Counseling
Establishes an interpersonal relationship with a community, a system, family or individual intended to increase or enhance their capacity for self-care and coping. Counseling engages the community, a system, family or individual at an emotional level.
Consultation
Seeks information and generates optional solutions to perceived problems or issues through interactive problem solving with a community, system, family or individual. The community, system, family or individual selects and acts on the option best meeting the circumstances
Collaboration
Commits two or more persons or organizations to achieve a common goal through enhancing the capacity of one or more of the members to promote and protect health
Coalition building
Promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common purpose. It builds linkages, solves problems, and/or enhances local leadership to address health concerns
Community organizing
Helps community groups to identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching the goals they collectively have set.
Advocacy
Pleads someone’s cause or act on someone’s behalf, with a focus on developing the community, system, individual or family’s capacity to plead their own cause or act on their own behalf.
Social marketing
Utilizes commercial marketing principles and technologies for programs designed to influence the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of the population-of-interest.
Policy development
Places health issues on decision-makers’ agendas, acquires a plan of resolution, and determines needed resources. Policy development results in laws, rules and regulation, ordinances, and policies
Policy enforcement
Compels others to comply with the laws, rules, regulations, ordinances and policies created in conjunction with policy development.
Community
A group of individuals who interact as social units, sharing common characteristics, interests, values, and/or geographic locale.
Types of Communities
Face to Face community or virtual community
Community based on political jurisdictions or physical boundaries
Neighborhood, city, state, national, or international community
Community of identifiable need or of special interest
Community assessment provides opportunities to
begin to know the community
initiate partnerships and develop collaborations with community members
community assessment provides the basis for
Identifying risk factors in the community and at-risk populations
Identifying community needs AND community strengths
Identifying resources in community
6 Primary Sources of Data
Personal observation
Personal interactions with community members
Attending community meetings
Windshield surveys
Needs assessment surveys (population surveys, focus groups)
Key informant interviews
6 Secondary Data Sources
Vital statistics
Epidemiological data
Census data
Hospital data
Data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
Literature reviews
12 steps to community needs assessment
Identify aggregate for assessment
Engage the community in planning the assessment
Identify required information
Select method of data gathering
Develop questionnaires or interview questions
Develop procedures for data collection
Train data collectors
Conduct a pilot with a sample representative of the aggregate
Conduct needs assessment
Tabulate and analyze data
Identify needs suggested by data
Develop an action plan
What are the SMART Objectives
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-phased
Blooms taxonomy from bottom to top
Remember = recognizing and recalling facts
Understand = understanding what the facts mean
Apply = applying the facts, rules, concepts, and ideas
Analyze = breaking down information into component parts
Evaluate = judging the value of information or ideas
Create = combining parts to make a new whole
formative evaluation is intended to
Evaluate the process of implementing the program/intervention
Determine if program is operating per planned.
Process Evaluation is a type of
formative evaluation
Outcome Evaluation focuses on
observable conditions or behaviors that the program was expected to affect most directly and immediately
Impact evaluation examines
long-term outcomes - observable conditions or behaviors the program was expected to affect long-term based on the program goals.
Examples of evaluation sources:
Interviews
Observations
Quantitative measures (blood pressures, BMI)
Qualitative measures (satisfaction and post-test surveys)
Program completion data
Morbidity and mortality data
what is health education
any combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to health in individuals, groups or communities
3 learning domains
Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
cognitive domain
Knowledge = memory, recognition, understanding, reasoning, application, problem solving
Affective Domain
attitudes = changes in attitudes and values; motivation
Psychomotor Domain
skills = skill performance, demonstration, hands-on
Goal of health education
translate knowledge into relevant interventions and strategies for health enhancement, disease prevention, and chronic illness management
outcomes of health education
enhanced quality of care
reduce cost of care
role of nurses in health education
Become a partner with the client; collaborate
Offer appropriate health information and educational interventions
Appropriate for culture, literacy, beliefs, etc.
Promote self-care, self-efficacy, and self-advocacy (empowerment)
Serve as catalyst for change
Activate ideas
Negotiate with client or mediate between client and “other”
Identify, link to, and facilitate navigation of resources
Serve as counselor, consultant, case manager as necessary
preplanning in health education
Establish a relationship with clients
Assess what clients want to learn and what they think is important
Assess where clients are baseline
planning and strategy actions
Review the available data.
Get community partners involved.
Obtain new data.
Determine perceptions of health problems.
Determine the community’s assets and strengths.
Identify underlying issues and knowledge gaps.
Establish goals and objectives.
Assess resources.
Stages for frame work form developing health communications
1 - planning and strategy development
2- developing and pretesting concepts, messages, and materials
3- implementing the program
4- assessing effectiveness and making refinements
stage 2 - developing and pretesting concepts, messages, and materials= actions to take
Identify the messages and materials.
Decide whether to use existing materials or produce new ones.
Select communication channels and formats.
Develop relevant materials with the target audience.
Pretest the message and materials and obtain audience feedback.
select program format
select program setting
determine how program will be launched
stage 3- implementing the program- actions to take
Work with community organizations to enhance effectiveness.
Monitor and track progress.
Establish process evaluation measures.
Evaluate participant experience
Evaluate participant learning
Stage 4 - assessing effectiveness and making refinements - actions to take
Conduct outcome evaluations.
Reassess and revise goals and objectives.
Modify unsuccessful strategies or activities.
Generate continual support from community groups.
Provide justification for continuing/ending the program.
Summarize in an evaluation report.
