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PHYSIOLOGY > pH, Endo, and Repro Phys > Flashcards

pH, Endo, and Repro Phys Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to PCO2 and pH when you increase ventilation?

A

PCO2 decreases
pH increases (more basic)

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2
Q

What happens to PCO2 and pH when you decrease ventilation?

A

PCO2 increases
pH decreases (more acidic)

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3
Q

what are the 3 ways that the renal system can contribute to long term changes to bicarbonate?

A
  1. reabsortion of filtered Bicarb (or not)
  2. production of “new” bicarb
  3. changes to net acid excretion (excreting more H+)
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4
Q

does the production of “new” bicarb increase or decrease during acidosis?

A

increases

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5
Q

does the production of “new” bicarb increase or decrease during alkalosis?

A

decreases

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6
Q

Acid Base Tree

pH above 7.4

acidosis or alkalosis

A

alkalosis

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7
Q

Acid Base Tree

pH below 7.4

acidosis or alkylosis

A

acidosis

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8
Q

Acid Base Tree

Acidosis
bicarb less than 24 mEq/L

Metabolic or resp?

A

metabolic

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9
Q

Acid Base Tree

acidosis
PCO2 greater than 40 mmHg
metabolic or resp?

A

resp

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10
Q

alkalosis
bicarb greater than 24 mEq/L
metabolic or resp?

A

metabolic

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11
Q

alkalosis
PCO2 less than 40 mmHg
metabolic or resp?

A

resp

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12
Q

rules of acid base:
constant PCO2 - changes in [HCO3-] resricted to ??

A

PCO2 isobar

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13
Q

rules of acid base:
change in PCO2 - must be parallel to ??

A

Hb Buffer Line

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14
Q

Cortisol is respinsible for?

A

energy metabolism

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15
Q

hyper

A

overproduction of main effector hormone

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16
Q

hypo

A

underproduction of main effector hormone

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17
Q

primary disorder

A

imparied function is localized to the glans that’s producing the effector hormone

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18
Q

secondary disorder

A

problem is upstream of the gland (hypothalamus, pituitary…)

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19
Q

PTH stimulates activation of?

A

Vit. D

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Calcitonin is stimuated by?

A

hypercalcemia

22
Q

What is Calcitonin’s role in control of Ca++?

A

decreases bone resorption

23
Q

PTH stimulation and release is stimulated by ?

A

hypocalcemia

24
Q

What does PTH do?

A
  1. increase Ca++ reabsorption in the kidneys (distal tubule)
  2. decrease phosphate reabsorption (proximal tubule)
  3. Promotes activation of Vit D.
25
Q

what does Vit. D do?

A

stimulate Ca++ absorption in the gut

26
Q

what does thyrpid hormone do?

A
  1. increase energy metabolization
  2. increase energy consumption
  3. increase expression of beta-adrenergic receptors
27
Q

which is the active form of thyroid hormone? T3 or T4?

A

T3

28
Q

primary hyperthyroidism effect on TSH and T3/T4 levels?

A

decrease TSH, increase T3/T4

29
Q

secondary hyperthyroidism effect on TSH and T3/T4 levels?

A

increase TSH, increase T3 and T4

30
Q

which cell produces Te? Leydig or Sertoli?

A

Leydig

31
Q

Which cell uses aromatase to convert Te to E?
Leydig or Sertoli?

A

Sertoli

32
Q

Which cell produces Te? Theca or Granulosa?

A

Theca

33
Q

Which cell uses aromatase to convert Te to E?
Theca or Granulosa?

A

Granulosa

34
Q

Which cell produces progesterone? Theca or Granulosa?

A

Theca

35
Q

Estrous cyle:

A

pro-estrus, estrus, (ovulation), metestrus, diestrus

36
Q

low but emerging levels of E in which estrous phase?

A

pro-estrus

37
Q

peak E levels in which estrous phase?

A

estrus

38
Q

what estrous phase includes the development of the CL?

A

metestrus

39
Q

which estrous phase has peak levels of progesterone?

A

diestrus

40
Q

mechanism of follicular atresia

A

low FSH -> increase T -> apoptosis of immature follicles

41
Q

what releases LH/FSH?

A

hypothalamus/pituitary

42
Q

main regulator of GnRH?

A

kisspeptin

43
Q

high kisspeptin = ?

A

estrous cycling

44
Q

low kisspeptin = ?

A

anestrous

45
Q

Maternal-placental-fetal
which converts acetate into cholesterol?

A

maternal

46
Q

Maternal-placental-fetal
which turns cholesterol into progesterone?

A

placental

47
Q

Maternal-placental-fetal
which produces progesterone from pregnenalone?

A

placental

48
Q

Maternal-placental-fetal
which makes androgen from pregenalone?

A

fetal

49
Q

Maternal-placental-fetal
which converts androgen into estrogen?

A

placental

50
Q

OT and effect on Ca++?

A

GPCR -> alpha(q) -> increases Ca++

PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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