Pgs 36-43 Flashcards
Happy music caused people to??
Rate their lives as more meaningful
Who conducted a series of laboratory experiments about music?
King & Hicks
What is the CAUSE and what is the EFFECT?
Cause- independent variable
Effect- dependent variable
Control group provides a comparison against which the researcher can test the effects of the
Independent variable
What does validity refer to?
The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment
High self-esteem can equal
Agression
What does the internal validity do?
Tells us wether the experimental methods are free from biases and logical errors that may render the results suspect
Who turned college students into experimenters?
Robert rosenthal
What are confounds?
Factors that “ride along” with the experimental manipulation, systematically and undesirable influencing the dependent variable.
What are ways to insure that neither the experimenters nor the participants expectations s effect the outcome?
Double-blind experiment
Placebo
Who believed that people who were the healthiest and the happiest were capable of having intense moments of awe
Abraham maslow
Who used correlational research to probe indiciduals’ descriptions of their most powerful positive experiences?
Dan McAdams
Experiment
A carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable
Random assignment
Reasearchers’ assignment of participants to group by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment’s results will be due to preexisting differences between groups
Independent variable
A manipulated experimental factor
Confederate
A person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated
Dependent variable
The outcome
Experimental group
The participants in an experiment who receive the drug or other treatment under study - that is, those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents
Control group
The participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the independent variable
External validity
The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real world issue it is supposed to address
Internal validity
The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable
Experimenter bias
Occurs when the experimenter’s expectations influence the outcome of the research
Demand characteristics
Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave
Research participant bias
Occurs when the behavior of research participants during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave or their expectations about what is happening to them
Placebo effect
Occurs when participants expectations rather than the experimental treatment, produced an outcome
Placebo
In a drug study, a harmless substance that has no physiological effect, given to participants in a control group so that they are treated identically to the experimental group except for the active agent
Double- blind experiment
An experimental design in which neither the experimenter not the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated
Population
The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions
Sample
The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for this study
Random sample
A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected
Naturalistic observation
The observation of behavior in real-world setting
