Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

neuroanat > pg 1-16 > Flashcards

pg 1-16 Flashcards

1
Q

gray matter

A

collection of neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies that are morphologically distinct from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lamina

A

layer or band of gray matter=nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bodies

A

nuclei, collection of neuronal cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cortex

A

gray matter located on the outer surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

white matter

A

an aggregation of neuronal processes/axon/fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tract

A

collection of neuronal fibers/axons that are anatomically or functionally distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fasciculus

A

bundle of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lemniscus

A

ribbon or band of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

funiculus

A

column or cord of white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the divisions of the CNS

A

spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

brainstem

A

part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F the brainstem includes gray matter regioins

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F the brainstem includes ascending and descending tracts of fiber

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the brainstem

A

medulla (inferior most), pons (middle), midbrain (superior most)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the inferior olivary nuclei

A

gray matter area of medulla, pair nuclear complex, landmarks on ventrolateral surface called olives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what cranial nerve nuclei are included on the medulla (gray matter)

A

XII, XI, X, IX, VIII, V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what white matter areas are included on the medulla

A

pyramids paired, landmark structures on ventral surface, comprised of descending fibers/axons=corticospinal, fibers/axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the inferior cerebellar peduncles on the medulla

A

peduncle (stalk or stem), paired structures on dorsal surface that help attach the cerebellum to the medulla, and consists mostly of axons going to and from the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 2 general features of the Pons

A

dorsal and ventral pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what cranial nuclei are on the dorsal pons

A

VIII, VII, VI, V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is particular to the ventral pons

A

pontine nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is unique about the pontine nuclei

A

receive input from neurons of (ipsilateral) cerebral cortex project, project axons to the contralateral side of cerebellum: these fibers form the middle cerebellar peduncle that connects the pons to the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway?

A

cerebral cortex->portico-pontine axon->pontine nuclei->ponto-cerebellar axon->fibers of middle cerebellar peduncles->cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the general features of the midbrain

A

most superior part of brainstem, part of the brain ventricular system, cerebral aqueduct (sylvius) divides midbrain into two portions: ventral and dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is unique about the ventral (base) of the midbrain

A

formed by pair of cerebral peducles (white and gray matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is unique about the gray matter of cerebral peduncles of the ventral midbrain?

A

cranial nerve nuclei: III, IV, part of V. red nucleus, substantia nigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is unique about the dorsal midbrain?

A

tectum or roof of midbrain, 2 pair of nuclei (sup & inf colliculi) (neurons of sup colliculi are concerned with coordinating reflexes visual and auditory info, neurons of inf colliculi involved in conscious auditory pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is unique about the superior cerebellar peduncles (SCPs)

A

contain only white matter, attach cerebellum to midbrain and cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

most of gray matter is distributed on the outer surface forming cerebellar cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

in the cerebrum, what is the medullary center formed from?

A

white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles and what do they connect?

A

inferior cerebellar peduncles->cerebellum to medulla
middle cerebellar peduncles->cerebellum to pons
superior cerebellar peduncles->cerebellum to midbrain and cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the functional features of the cerebellum?

A

input from most sensory systems and cerebral cortex, influences activity of skeletal muscle (posture, equilibrium, control/ coordination of movement), control of motor activity is largely unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the two major parts of the cerebrum

A

diencephalon and telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what separates the two halves of the diencephalon

A

III ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what matter is the diencephalon mostly made up of?

A

gray matter, with some white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what parts of the brain are included in the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the thalamus

A

collection of neurons/neuclei that: relay most sensory info to cerebral cortex, involved in motor pathways, influence other brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

located beneath the thalamus: principle autonomic center of the brain; helps to control symp and parasymp nervous systems, helps control pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the epithalamus

A

situated dorsally to thalamus, includes pineal gland

41
Q

what is the subthalamus

A

under and posterior thalamus, includes subthalamic nucleus involved in motor pathways

42
Q

what is the telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres, right and left separated by longitudinal cerebral fissure

43
Q

how is the gray matter of the telencephalon organized?

A

cerebral cortex (cortex covers surface of each hemisphere), Corpus striatum (nuclei located deep in each hemisphere, important in motor control functions)

44
Q

what are the three types of fibers that comprise the white matter of the medullary center?

A

association fibers/axons, commissural fibers, projection fibers

45
Q

what is the function of association fibers/axons?

A

connect different cortical areas within a single hemisphere

46
Q

what is the function of commissural fibers

A

connect cortical area of one hemisphere to a (similar) cortical area of the opposite hemisphere, (they decussate, cross, from one hemisphere to the other) example corpus callosum

47
Q

what are projection fibers?

A

connect an area of cerebral cortex to a subcortical area or subcortical area to cerebral cortical area.

48
Q

what is the area called where projection fibers converge?

A

internal capsule (positioned deep in each hemisphere)

49
Q

what is the importance of projection fibers?

A

includes major sensory and motor pathways, sensitive to ischemia, may result in sensory and motor disturbance

50
Q

what is on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

folds or gyri

51
Q

what are the grooves that intervene between adjacent gyri?

A

sulci

52
Q

what are the 5 anatomical lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula (island of reil)

53
Q

what is the ventricular system of the brain?

A

series of fluid-filled spaces within brain that is derived from neural canal of embryonic neural tube

54
Q

what kind of cells line the ventricular system?

A

ependymal cells

55
Q

what is the choroid plexus?

A

secretes CSF

56
Q

what does each lateral ventricle consist of?

A

anterior horn (frontal lobe), body (pre/postcentral gyro), posterior horn (occipital), inferior horn (temporal), collateral trigone

57
Q

what is the III ventricle

A

unpaired space between the two halves of diencephalon, includes choroid plexus

58
Q

what is the interventricular formina (of monro)

A

paired, connects each lateral ventricle to the III ventricle

59
Q

what is the IV ventricle

A

unpaired chamber; includes some of choroid plexus, cerebellum forms the roof, pons and medulla form the floor (rhomboid fossa)

60
Q

what are the lateral apertures?

A

foramina of lushka, paired, connects IV ventricle to subarachnoid space

61
Q

median apeture

A

foramen of magendie, unpaired, connects IV ventricle to subarachnoid space (cisterna magna=cerebellomedullary cistern)

62
Q

what is the path of CSF circulation

A

lateral ventricles-> foramen of Monro-> III ventricle-> cerebral aqueduct-> IV ventricle-> foramina of Lushka and foramen of Magendie-> subarachnoid space (resorption by arachnoid villi)

63
Q

T/F balance between production and resorption is not important

A

False. it is critically important

64
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

excess CSF, results in increased CSF pressure. potential causes: excess secretion, blockage, poor resorption. congenital or acquired

65
Q

what is non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

blockage of CSF out of ventricles

66
Q

what is communicating hydrocephalus

A

excess CSF throughout entire ventricular system

67
Q

what is normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

abnormal increase in CSF which can cause ventricles to enlarge (idiopathic)

68
Q

caudate nucleus?

A

nucleus involved in motor control that lies along the lateral ventricle

69
Q

what are the three regions of the caudate nucleus

A

head of the caudate (lateral wall of anterior horn of lateral ventricle)
body of caudate (lateral wall of body of later ventricle)
tail of caudate (roof of inferior horn of lateral ventricle)

70
Q

what is the amygdala

A

nuclear complex about the size and shape of an almond, positioned just beyond tip of inferior horn and tail of caudate, part of limbic system

71
Q

what is the hippocampus

A

gray matter structure involved in processing memory and emotions (limbic system), lies along flood of inferior horn of lateral ventricle

72
Q

what is the fornix

A

major tract of fibers that originates from hippocampus and projects largely to diencephalon

73
Q

what is the corpus striatum

A

series of nuclei (gray matter) positioned deep in each hemisphere, involved in motor control

74
Q

what makes up the corpus striatum

A

caudate nucleus and lenticular nucleus

75
Q

what are the two parts of the lenticular nucleus in the corpus striatum?

A

globus pallidus (medial), putamen (lateral)

76
Q

what is the internal capsule?

A

comprised of projection fibers providing connections to and from neurons of cerebral cortex to and from subcortical regions

77
Q

what are the three parts of internal capsule

A 
anterior limb (separates head caudate from lenticular nucleus)
genu (between ant and post limbs)
posterior limb (lenticulothalamic portion, between lenticular nucleus and thalamus)
78
Q

what is the clinical significance to the internal capsule

A

damage to internal capsule can lead to sensory and/or motor defects

79
Q

septum pellucidum

A

thin structure that separates anterior horns of left and right ventricles

80
Q

interthalamic adhesioin

A

“massa intermedia” gray matter structure physically connects left and right halves of thalamus

81
Q

what vertebral level is the conus medullaris

A

L1-2

82
Q

the spinal cord enlarges at what segments?

A

cervical-c4-t1, lumbosacral l2-s3

83
Q

where is the dorsal intermediate sulci present?

A

t6 and above (positioned between dorsal median sulcus and dorsal lateral sulcus)

84
Q

what are the three divisions of white matter found on the spinal cord

A

posterior (dorsal) funiculi or columns, lateral funiculi or columns, anterior (ventral) funiculi or columns

85
Q

what borders the porsterior funiculi or columns

A

D-M sulcus and D-L sulcus

86
Q

what borders the lateral funiculi or columns

A

D-L sulcus and V-L sulcus

87
Q

what borders the anterior funiculi or columns

A

V-M fissure and V-L sulcus

88
Q

what is the dorsal lateral tract?

A

lissauer’s tract, present in all cord segments, located at the dorsal lateral sulcus zone, travel 1-2 cord segments up to 4

89
Q

what is the fasciculus gracilis?

A

extends entire length of cord, below t6 between D-M sulcus and D-L sulcus, above t6 between D-M sulcus and D-I sulcus (major ascending pathway)

90
Q

fasciculus cuneatus

A

positioned between D-I and D-L sulcus, present T6 and above (major ascending pathway)

91
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

(anterolateral system) extends entire length of cord, anterolateral part of white matter (major ascending pathway)

92
Q

anterior white commissure?

A

mostly decussating fibers that contribute to S-T tract

93
Q

Posterior horn of spinal cord

A

primarily sensory neurons, paired

94
Q

anterior horns of spinal cord

A

paired, mostly motor neurons

95
Q

what is the intermediate zone of spinal cord

A

gray matter extends from one side, across midline, to opposite side, includes gray commissure that surrounds central canal, sensory neurons and interneurons

96
Q

lateral horn of spinal cord

A

extends from T1 to L2-3 cord segments, positioned in lateral part of intermediate zone, comprised of preganglionic sympathetic neurons

97
Q

features of lumbar/sacral cord segments

A

volume of white matter is low, gray matter high

98
Q

features of thoracic cord levels

A

volume of white matter is intermediate, gray matter is low

99
Q

cervical cord segments

A

volume of white matter is greatest, gray matter is high

neuroanat (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions