PFoaS Grammar lesson 10-12 Flashcards

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1
Q

X as well as Y

both X and Y

A
formal:
既 X 又 Y
informal:
又 X 又 Y
- X and Y are usually the same type of word (adj, verb, etc.)
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2
Q
  1. Any Noun…

2. there is not a single Noun that…

A
  1. 任何(的) Noun (or: numeral + measure word + (noun))

2. 任何 Noun 都 negation

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3
Q

every single one…

A

MW + MW (都)…

- similar to 每 MW, but more emphatic

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4
Q

really not, certainly not

A

可 negation

- comes after the subject and adds extra emphasis.

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5
Q

Since X

A

(自)從 X (起)

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6
Q

If not X, then Y

A

不是 X 就是 Y

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7
Q

only (if)

A

只有。。。才

- marks exclusiveness or a necessary condition

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8
Q

since X (up to the present)

A

X 來

- X here is a temporal marker like 三年

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9
Q

actually, exactly; after all, in the end

A

究竟

  • more formal version of 到底
  • in questions it can express a demand for a clear question and in a declarative sentence it can signal that what follows is already known or self-evident
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10
Q

the purpose of X is Y

X is in order to Y

A

X 為的是 Y
X 是為了 Y
- alternative to 為了 Y,X

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11
Q

cause X, make X, let X

A

令 X

- more formal version of 讓, but cannot be negated by 不 like 讓

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12
Q

approximately X
almost X
nearly X
more or less X

A

差不多 X
- when used before a numeral it means approximately
幾乎 X
- is less objective than 差不多

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13
Q

to do with X

relates to X

A

跟/和/與 X 有關

  • is negated by replacing 有 with 無
  • 與 is used in formal written language
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14
Q

each one does their own thing

A

各 Verb 各的 (object)

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15
Q

regarding X
concerning X
about X

A

關於 X

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16
Q

more often than not

usually

A

往往

- has a somewhat stronger sense of normalcy than 常常

17
Q

nobody, nothing, nowhere, etc.

A

question word 也/都 negation

- without the negation it can become affirmative

18
Q
  1. to be able to afford to do X

2. to not be able to afford to do X

A
  1. X 得起

2. X 不起

19
Q

to verb in less than X

A

不到 X 就 Verb 了

20
Q

depends on X

A

要看 X

21
Q

compared to X, …

A

跟 X 比起来,….