Petroleum Alternatives

Question 1

constraint (n.)

Parts of speech : constrain (v.)

Answer 1

something that limits the range of a person’s actions or freedom

ex. In Egypt, the biggest constraint on new agricultural production is water.

Question 2

contamination (n.)

Parts of speech : contaminate (v.), contaminant (n.)

Answer 2

to make something less pure or make it poisonous

ex. The contamination in the river came from the factory located just upstream ( ทวนน้ำ ).

Question 3

deplete (v.)

Parts of speech : depletion (n.)

Answer 3

to reduce something in size or amount, esp. supplies, energy, or money

ex. Acid ( กรด ) rain depletes the region’s fish stocks.

Question 4

dispose of (v.)

Usage tips : Dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning, dispose dose not occur without “of”.
Parts of speech : disposal (n.), disposable (adj.)

Answer 4

to get rid of something; throw out or destroy; to kill

ex. Every month he must dispose of the oil his restaurant uses to fry potatoes.

Question 5

elementally (adv.)

Parts of speech : element (n.), elemental (adj.)

Answer 5

In terms of element; basically

ex. Elementally; coal ( ถ่านหิน ) and diamonds are the same.

Question 6

emission (n.)

Usage tips : Emission is usually followed by an “of” phrase
Parts of speech : emit (v.)

Answer 6

Sending out from a small space into the general environment; a substance ( สสาร ) discharged ( การปล่อยออก ) into the air.

ex. The Environmental Protection Agency regulates ( ควบคุม ) the emission of pollutants into the air.

Question 7

extinction (n.)

Usage tips : Extinction implies an absolute end; an extinct species is gone and will not reappear ( except if genetic scientists succeed with experimental “ de-extinction” techniques).
Parts of speech : extinct (adj.)

Answer 7

Complete disappearance; the end of existence

ex. Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species.

Question 8

reservoir (n.)

Parts of speech : reserve (v.)

Answer 8

A place where a liquid is collected and stored

Terrorist threatened to put poison in the town’s reservoir.

Question 9

shrink (v.)

Parts of speech : shrinkage (n.), shrinkable (adj.)

Answer 9

to become smaller or cause something to become smaller

ex. If you dry your clothe on the “high heat” setting, they may shrink.

Question 10

stable (adj.)

Parts of speech : stability (n.), stably (adv.), stabilize (v.)

Answer 10

firmly fixed or not likely to move or change

ex. He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable.