Petersons test 2 Flashcards
What are some reasons why Europeans had developed an interest in exploring and colonizing new lands?
- Merchants were interested in increasing their profits from trade by cutting out Middle Eastern intermediaries in the trade with Asia.
- Better designed ships and more advanced sailing instruments made it safer to venture farther from land.
- The monarchies of the new nation states were interested in increasing their wealth and power through territorial acquisitions.
- Religious dissenters thought that they would be able to escape persecution by emigrating to a colony.
Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec empire by:
help from Aztec tribute states that wanted to rid themselves of Aztec rule.
A major difference between Massachusetts Bay and the Virginia Colony was that
early colonists in Massachusetts Bay were freemen and families and in Virginia they were single men and indentured servants
“Be it therefore . . . enacted . . . that no person or persons whatsoever within this province . . . thereunto [believing] in Jesus Christ shall henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within this province. . . .”
This quotation is most probably from a law passed in which colony?
Maryland–Maryland passed the Act of Religious Toleration in 1649, which provided freedom of religion to Catholics and Protestants alike. Catholics at this time were severely persecuted in England.
T or F: The first Africans taken to the southern colonies were indentured servants.
True–The first 20 Africans who were landed in Jamestown Colony in 1619 were taken as indentured servants
The rights of women changed when:
when women married. –Single women and widows had greater rights. They could conduct business, own property, and enter into contracts. Once they married, they lost these rights in favor of their husbands. While Abigail Adams may have cautioned her husband to “remember the ladies,” nothing changed for women after the Revolution.
What is an accurate list of the economic activity of the southern colonies in the mid-1700s?
tobacco, rice, and indigo agriculture
Who was a well-known preacher of the First Great Awakening?
George Whitefield –George Whitefield, was the central figure in the First Great Awakening. A spellbinding preacher, he brought evangelicalism to the colonies.
What colony was least likely to allow plays to be staged
Massachusetts– With its strong Puritan influences, Massachusetts was able to keep theaters from being built and actors from performing.
What are true statements about the population of the North American colonies by 1776?
More immigrants settled in the Southern colonies than in New England.
Africans were the largest number of new arrivals.
Many of the new European immigrants moved into the backcountry pushing the frontier of the colonies west.
Virginia was the most populous colony.
Under the theory of mercantilism, North American colonies existed
to increase the home country’s wealth.
The underlying disagreement between Parliament and the American colonists revolved around
virtual versus direct representation.
The colonists were used to direct representation in their colonial legislatures and resented Parliament’s claim that it represented all people within the British empire, whether the people were able to vote for them or not, which the colonists were not.
A colonial scientist whose work was well known in Europe was
Benjamin Franklin was well known in the colonies and across Europe for his work with electricity. His work was the subject of discussion and praise by both the British Royal Society of Science and the French Academy of Science
Educated colonists were familiar with
DEISM:it is belief in a Supreme Being who is the source of natural law.
Paintings that were created by untrained and itinerant artists in the colonial and early national periods are known as
folk art
By 1776, the people of English descent made up about what percentage of colonists?
slightly less than 50 percent
During the colonial period, the fur trade had what effects on native Americans?
a. contact between Native Americans and traders spread European diseases among the Native Americans
b. Native Americans converted in large numbers to Christianity
c. made Native Americans dependent on Europeans and European Americans for trade goods
d. created and worsened existing rivalries among Native Americans
In the 1700s, socioeconomic class probably meant the least to
Scot Irish farmer in backcountry North Carolina
–The 1700s saw enormous population and economic growth in the colonies, and along with this a widening of class differences. The only place where class mattered little was on the frontier, also known as the backcountry.
What is an accurate characterization of American colonists by the mid-1700s?
Colonists came to believe that through hard work and ambition, anything was possible.
One of the casualties of the French and Indian War was
Americans’ sense of the superiority of the British military
–The British army was made up of professional soldiers, but they were no match for the tactics of the French and their Native American allies. The colonial militias lost respect for the commanders of the army.
The Stamp Act added fuel to the argument of “no taxation without representation” because
it was the first tax on goods made and sold within the colonies themselves
At the same time the Stamp Act was repealed, Parliament passed the
Declaratory Act–Whereas the repeal of the Stamp Act was meant to satisfy British merchants and decrease unemployment at home, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act to reaffirm its power to tax the colonies.
The colonists protested the Tea Act for what reasons
a. colonists feared it was the first of a series of similar actions that could threaten all colonial businesses
b. it threatened to put colonial tea merchants out of business
c. it was a tax that the colonists had not approved
e. it gave a monopoly to the British East India Company
What were provisions of the Intolerable Acts
required colonists to provide housing for British soldiers
revoked the charter of Massachusetts
allowed a British soldier or official to be tried outside the colony if the governor thought it impossible to get a fair trial within the colony
closed the port of Boston
Who tried to find a way to heal the differences with Great Britain
The First Continental Congress–In 1774 when the Congress first met, there was no clear consensus in the colonies for independence. Many colonists still thought that a way could be found to retain their rights and remain in the British empire. That was the purpose of the “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” that the Congress sent to George III.
Whose idea were the committees of correspondence?
Samuel Adams–
Who wrote a famous book, Democracy in America, about the American political system after a visit here from France in 1831 and 1832.
Alexis de Tocqueville
Who he wrote “Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer”
John Dickinson
he wrote Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer, in which he explained that Parliament had a right to regulate trade, but not to levy taxes within the colonies.
During the war, one of George Washington’s biggest problems was
lack of adequate funding for the army by Congress
In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson drew on the social contract theory of which Enlightenment thinker?
John Locke
Who wrote Common Sense and The Crisis in support of independence
Thomas Paine
Native Americans sided with the British in the American Revolution, because
they feared that if the Americans won, they would push farther into Native American land
In addition to France, which of the following nations aided the Americans in the Revolutionary War?
-Spain (and the Netherlands) lent the new United States money to fund the war, but Spain also declared war on Great Britain in 1779. A Spanish force defeated the British in Louisiana and West Florida.
In writing their new state constitutions, states
limited the power of the state government
Their experience as colonists under royal governors influenced the men who drafted the new state constitutions. As a result, they limited the power of state government.
What were weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
a. lack of a judiciary
b. lack of an executive
c. lack of the ability to levy taxes
d. lack of authority to regulate interstate commerce
“Your President may easily become king. Your Senate is so imperfectly constructed that your dearest rights may be sacrificed by what may be a small minority. . . .”
This quotation is most likely from a speech by
Patrick Henry
Think speech; think Patrick Henry of the impassioned “give me liberty or death” speech
establishment of a national bank
adoption of a protective tariff
levying of an excise tax on whiskey
repayment in their entirety of all war debts owed by the federal government and the states
These were all WHO’s proposals to establish a sound financial footing for the United States?
Alexander Hamilton
As opposed to Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton considered the role of the federal government was to
encourage economic activity
Jefferson believed that the future of the nation was as an agrarian society(any society whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland), whereas Hamilton saw it as an industrial society.
The policy of the United States government toward Native Americans in the early republican period was to
negotiate for Native American land
Regardless of the number of skirmishes between settlers and Native Americans, the official government policy was to negotiate for land, sign peace treaties, and pay little for the land.
In the war between France and other European nations in the 1790s, what political party claimed the United States had no obligation to aid France because the alliance of 1778 had been with the French monarchy
Federalists
Who delivered the “give me liberty or death” speech.
Patrick Henry
Jay’s Treaty was reviled by Democratic-Republicans because it
was not demanding enough in asserting United States rights against Great Britain
″Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute″ would have been an appropriate slogan for Americans during what event?
XYZ Affair
″Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.″ This slogan was the response of Americans to the demands of Agents XYZ that before France would negotiate, the United States would have to lend it $10 million and give Talleyrand, the French minister, $250,000 personally.
The underlying purpose for passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to
weaken the Democratic-Republican Party
The four acts, collectively known as the Alien and Sedition Acts, were aimed at decreasing the strength of the Democratic-Republican Party. The only people arrested were Democratic-Republican newspaper editors.
The election of 1800 is significant because
the political party in power changed without violence
Thomas Jefferson called the election of 1800 “the revolution of 1800” for this reason
What was a reason for France’s offer to sell all of Louisiana to the United States
The successful slave uprising in Haiti undercut Napoleon’s plan for an empire in the Americas.
The central issue in McCulloch v. Maryland was
the extent of Congressional authority
The McCulloch v. Maryland broadened the powers of Congress to include implied powers, all those “necessary and proper” to enable government to function. The case itself dealt with the constitutionality of the Second Bank and the state of Maryland’s attempt to tax its bank notes.
Jefferson’s worst foreign policy blunder was
the Embargo Act of 1807
The embargo was meant to hurt the British and French economies and instead severely damaged the Northeast. Opposition to Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans was so great that the Federalists had a brief revival of support in the election of 1808.
Who fought with the British in the War of 1812 as a result of the Battle of Tippecanoe?
Tecumseh
Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, were organizing Native Americans from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico to resist selling their land to white Americans. When the Prophet attacked General William Henry Harrison’s militia, the Native American encampment near the Tippecanoe River was destroyed.
The major reason that the Federalists collapsed as a political party was because
the Democratic-Republicans adopted the Federalists’ economic program
Suffolk Resolves refers to what
Adopted by towns in Massachusetts’ colony,Suffolk Resolves were a protest against the Intolerable Acts.
What invention ensured the future of slavery in the South
invention of the cotton gin
One argument used to keep the Constitutional Convention from outlawing slavery was that slavery would die out eventually because it was neither efficient nor cost effective. Some historians concur. The invention of the cotton gin, however, ended this possibility. The price of raw cotton went up dramatically as demand increased for cotton cloth. Many planters put all their resources into producing bigger crops, which required more cheap labor and, thus, the continuation of slavery.
“Any man’s son may become the equal of any other man’s son” describes what characteristic of American society?
social mobility
The ability to move from one social class to another has been a defining characteristic of American society since colonial days. Social class is less rigid in this country, because it is based on money rather than ancestry.
spoils system is linked to what person?
spoils system, was the name given to the way Andrew Jackson handed out government jobs (“To the victor, belongs the spoils.”)
What nature of work was a leftover from the guild system of the Middle Ages
apprentice system
Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans and Jackson’s Democrats held what beliefs in common?
freedom from government interference
The Compromise of 1820 was a failure because
it failed to settle the question of slavery once and for all
What was not a feature of urban life in the antebellum North?
sewers and garbage collection
Sanitation was not a big concern of urban-dwellers or anyone really, because the link between sewage and disease was just beginning to be understood.
The election of 1828 was significant because
power shifted from the Eastern seaboard to the western states
Jackson was the first President who elected from a state that was not one of the original thirteen.
The Trail of Tears demonstrated the
uselessness of assimilation if Native Americans stood in the way of white Americans intent on gaining land
The Boston Associates began the Lowell mills with the idea that
factories could be run without the abuses of the English factory system
The Panic of 1837 resulted from
overspeculation in Western lands
Maria Mitchell is noteworthy because
of her contributions to astronomy
Maria Mitchell was an astronomer and discovered the comet that is named after her. She taught at Vassar Female College and was the first woman to be named to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
the book Walden is an example of what type of literature
transcendentalist literature
The middle-class sentimental novel of the mid-1800s was chiefly concerned with
social codes and social behavior
European literary and artistic tradition that greatly affected early and mid-nineteenth-century Americans artists and writers was
romanticism
What poet is considered the quintessential American “common man”?
Walt Whitman
For this period when you read quintessential American character and “common man,” think Leaves of Grass, “Song of Myself” and Walt Whitman.
The most popular architectural style in the early and mid-1800s was
Gothic revival
Who was a crusader for asylums for the mentally ill
Dorothea Dix
What institution served the role of “the great equalizer” in American society?
public schools
During the mid-1800s colleges offered more practical courses such as:
science and engineering
“I heartily accept the motto, ‘That government is best which governs least’; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe: ‘That government is best which governs not at all’; . . . The objections that have been brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty, . . . may also at last be brought against a standing government.”
This quotation was most probably written by.
Henry David Thoreau
This quotation is from Thoreau’s work Civil Disobedience, which he wrote in 1849 in protest of the policies of the federal government
Who were a well-known group of landscape painters in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Hudson River School
The painter of the Hudson River School, or art movement, took as their subject the great American frontier, which at the time was upstate New York
The social reform movements of the 1800s relied heavily on
the work and talents of women
Relegating middle-class women to the house with labor saving products like bar soap and oil lamps and servants left them with time on their hands. Coupled with the social message that women were morally superior to men, they set out to reform the ills of society.
Utopian communities in general were based on
the ideal of cooperation and communal ownership of property
An unintended outcome of the Second Great Awakening was
increasing interest in social reform
women were just beginning to fight for their rights in the first half of the:
1800’s
The British invented industrialization, Americans built on British ideas and:
took them to a higher level of efficiency
American inventors are credited with developing the American system of manufacturing, which relied on interchangeable, or standardized, parts to mass-produce a variety of goods. Europeans then imported this system for their own factories.
What were some tensions within the abolition movement
patronizing and racist attitude of some white abolitionists toward African American abolitionists
gradual emancipation versus immediate abolition
nonviolent action versus violence
moral persuasion versus political action
American settlers moved to Texas in the 1820s and 1830s, because
land was plentiful and cheap for raising cotton
“Manifest destiny” was used by Americans in the mid-1800s to justify
expansion of the nation across the continent
In 1845, a journalist used the phrase to justify the annexation of Texas, “manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”
The slogan “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” referred to American claims to which of the following?
Oregon
President James K. Polk originally sought this line as the boundary line for the Oregon Territory, but agreed to the 49th parallel in order to avoid war with Great Britain and Mexico at the same time.
What group had to pay a tax to mine for gold in California?
Chinese immigrant
Any foreigner who wanted to mine for gold had to pay a special tax
“Slave power” referred to the
power wealthy Southerners wielded over the economy and politics in the South
Most white Southerners owned how many slaves
no slaves
Only 2.5 percent of white Southerners owned slaves and were wealthy plantation owners. Sixty-four percent of white Southerners owned no slaves, yet supported slavery.
Between 1800 and 1860, the majority of American workers worked in what fields?
remained in agriculture
The industrialization of the United States workforce did not occur to any great degree until after the Civil War and even in 1900, only slightly less than half the nation’s labor force worked in agriculture.
During the first half of the 1800’s mothers forfeited to the new public schools their roles as moral guides for their children. True or false
false
Because women were seen as keepers of the virtues, such as honesty, piety, and selflessness, they were the first and foremost moral guides to their children.
What restrictions on women made it difficult for them to fight for reforms in the mid-1800s?
Society frowned on respectable women speaking in public.
What was a new job that opened to single women in the first half of the 1800s?
schoolteacher
schoolteacher, which was the new career open to women in the first half of the nineteenth century—as long as they were single women. Once a woman married, she could no longer teach.
What issues were important for workers in the mid-nineteenth century
a. 10-hour workday
b. end to debtors’ prisons
c. cheap public land
d. establishment of public schools
During the 1840s and 1850s most Irish immigrants had been farmers, whereas most German immigrants were skilled workers. True or false
true
Most Irish immigrants made poor politicians and wanted to move west. True or false
false
Most Irish immigrants tended to stay in cities in the Northeast, tended to become political bosses and were predominantly Roman Catholic.
If you were listening to Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, you were most likely at a
women’s rights meeting
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott called the first women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
The Declaration of Sentiments, modeled after the Declaration of Independence, listed twelve resolutions calling for:
equal rights for women including the vote.
Americans in California rebelled in _____ and declared their __________.
1846, independence
The significance of the Free Soil Party in the election of 1848 was that it
splintered the two-party political system
The chief obstacle emigrants met on the overland trails to the Far West was
natural features of the land
Who was LEAST likely to become a member of the American Party in 1854
upper-middle-class store owner
The American Party, or Know-Nothings, drew its membership from those who were concerned about economic competition from immigrants and the potential disturbance of the social order these people and their “foreign ways” could cause.
It was against the law to teach enslaved African Americans to read and write. True or False
true
The struggle between proslavery and antislavery forces to have Kansas admitted to the Union in the late 1850s resulted in
an open split between Northern and Southern Democrats
While members of Congress debated slavery, the United States was also pursuing the opening of trade relations:
with Japan
Matthew Perry sailed his steam-powered warship into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and returned the following year with seven warships to negotiate a trade agreement with Japan.
All of the following worked to end slavery in what way
John Brown
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Tubman
David Wilmot
John Brown- was a fiery abolitionist, who led the raid on Harpers Ferry in an effort to launch a slave rebellion and was hanged for his trouble.
Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote the abolitionist polemic Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Tubman- was a conductor on the Underground Railroad and a forceful speaker against slavery.
David Wilmot- a Pennsylvania member of the House, introduced a bill to outlaw slavery in land acquired from Mexico for $10 million
Many Northern workers began to support abolition because
as “wage slaves,” they saw themselves in a similar situation
Who had the plan for the “American System”
Henry Clay
The American System was Henry Clay’s plan to provide economic stimulus for all three regions in the early 1800s, namely, a high protective tariff, a national bank to provide a stable financial system for all regions, and funding for internal improvements.
In the presidential election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln won the ______ vote but not a majority of the popular vote
electoral
At the beginning of the Civil War the South had to establish a functioning central government to oversee the war and the governance of the states, whereas the North had an existing federal government. True or false
true
at the beginning of the Civil War the south had a powerful navy. True or False
False
the South had no navy and the North used its navy to blockade Southern ports very effectively.
What woman went against social convention by setting up a nursing staff of women to care for the wounded during the Civil War?
Clara Barton
In the “Trent Affair” Trent was what?
a British ship carrying two representatives of the Confederate government who were on their way to Great Britain to plead the South’s case.
Copperheads were
Northern Democrats who wanted Lincoln to negotiate peace with the South
In reality the Emancipation Proclamation freed no slaves. True or False
True
Issued Jan 1st 1863, “all slaves in the rebellious states shall be forever free” did not actually free any slaves but transformed the war from a fight to preserve the nation to a battle for human freedom.
The South expected aid from Great Britain because they supplied almost all:
the raw cotton used by British textile mills
How did the Trent affair create a crisis between the United States and Great Britain at the beginning of the Civil War?
In November 1861, a Union ship stopped the British ship Trent and took off two representatives of the Confederate government who were on their way to Great Britain to plead the South’s case. The British denounced the seizure as a violation of freedom of the seas. The crisis ended when the two men were released.
These four were slave-owning states but remained in the Union.
a. Missouri
b. Maryland
c. Kentucky
d. Delaware
“That any person drafted and notified to appear . . . may, on or before the day fixed for his appearance, furnish an acceptable substitute to take his place in the draft; or he may pay . . . such sum, not exceeding three hundred dollars . . . for the [procurement] of such substitute. . .”
This law resulted in
draft riots in New York City
Workers, many of them immigrants, rioted against African Americans in New York and other cities, because they believed African Americans were responsible for the war and the unfair burden on those who could not afford to buy a substitute to serve for them in the army.
Clara Barton was known during the civil for:
setting up a nursing staff of women to care for the wounded.
the “free soil party” campaigned for what?
the Free Soil Party campaigned on a platform to establish western lands free of slavery
The Know-Nothings were also known as:
The American Party, or Know-Nothings, drew its membership from those who were concerned about economic competition from immigrants and the potential disturbance of the social order these people and their “foreign ways” could cause.
This Bill was Congress’s first version of Reconstruction, which Lincoln vetoed. He considered Reconstruction to be the task of the President as commander in chief.
Wade-Davis Bill
This Act provided for the financing of land-grant colleges in the Midwest and West; these were to teach agricultural science.
Morrill Act
The flaw in Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan was:
that the same men who ran Southern governments before the war would be returned to power
This Act was passed by the Radical Republicans to limit the power of President Andrew Johnson
The Tenure of Office Act
Radical Republicans’ plan for Reconstruction was:
the enforced political rehabilitation of Southern states and the civil rights of African Americans.
The black codes, which were passed immediately after the Civil War, were meant to:
limit freedom of movement and employment by African Americans.
The black codes took the place of the antebellum South’s slave codes and also limited the freedom of movement and general civil rights of newly freed African Americans.
One group outside the South that was interested in seeing an end to Reconstruction was:
Northern businessmen recognized that there was money to be made by investing in the South, but they wanted political stability before they would invest.
