Petersons test 2

Question 1

What are some reasons why Europeans had developed an interest in exploring and colonizing new lands?

Answer 1

• Merchants were interested in increasing their profits from trade by cutting out Middle Eastern intermediaries in the trade with Asia.
• Better designed ships and more advanced sailing instruments made it safer to venture farther from land.
• The monarchies of the new nation states were interested in increasing their wealth and power through territorial acquisitions.
• Religious dissenters thought that they would be able to escape persecution by emigrating to a colony.

Question 2

Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec empire by:

Answer 2

help from Aztec tribute states that wanted to rid themselves of Aztec rule.

Question 3

A major difference between Massachusetts Bay and the Virginia Colony was that

Answer 3

early colonists in Massachusetts Bay were freemen and families and in Virginia they were single men and indentured servants

Question 4

“Be it therefore . . . enacted . . . that no person or persons whatsoever within this province . . . thereunto [believing] in Jesus Christ shall henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within this province. . . .”

This quotation is most probably from a law passed in which colony?

Answer 4

Maryland–Maryland passed the Act of Religious Toleration in 1649, which provided freedom of religion to Catholics and Protestants alike. Catholics at this time were severely persecuted in England.

Question 5

T or F: The first Africans taken to the southern colonies were indentured servants.

Answer 5

True–The first 20 Africans who were landed in Jamestown Colony in 1619 were taken as indentured servants

Question 6

The rights of women changed when:

Answer 6

when women married. –Single women and widows had greater rights. They could conduct business, own property, and enter into contracts. Once they married, they lost these rights in favor of their husbands. While Abigail Adams may have cautioned her husband to “remember the ladies,” nothing changed for women after the Revolution.

Question 7

What is an accurate list of the economic activity of the southern colonies in the mid-1700s?

Answer 7

tobacco, rice, and indigo agriculture

Question 8

Who was a well-known preacher of the First Great Awakening?

Answer 8

George Whitefield –George Whitefield, was the central figure in the First Great Awakening. A spellbinding preacher, he brought evangelicalism to the colonies.

Question 9

What colony was least likely to allow plays to be staged

Answer 9

Massachusetts– With its strong Puritan influences, Massachusetts was able to keep theaters from being built and actors from performing.

Question 10

What are true statements about the population of the North American colonies by 1776?

Answer 10

More immigrants settled in the Southern colonies than in New England.

Africans were the largest number of new arrivals.

Many of the new European immigrants moved into the backcountry pushing the frontier of the colonies west.

Virginia was the most populous colony.

Question 11

Under the theory of mercantilism, North American colonies existed

Answer 11

to increase the home country’s wealth.

Question 12

The underlying disagreement between Parliament and the American colonists revolved around

Answer 12

virtual versus direct representation.

The colonists were used to direct representation in their colonial legislatures and resented Parliament’s claim that it represented all people within the British empire, whether the people were able to vote for them or not, which the colonists were not.

Question 13

A colonial scientist whose work was well known in Europe was

Answer 13

Benjamin Franklin was well known in the colonies and across Europe for his work with electricity. His work was the subject of discussion and praise by both the British Royal Society of Science and the French Academy of Science

Question 14

Educated colonists were familiar with

Answer 14

DEISM:it is belief in a Supreme Being who is the source of natural law.

Question 15

Paintings that were created by untrained and itinerant artists in the colonial and early national periods are known as

Answer 15

folk art

Question 16

By 1776, the people of English descent made up about what percentage of colonists?

Answer 16

slightly less than 50 percent

Question 17

During the colonial period, the fur trade had what effects on native Americans?

Answer 17

a. contact between Native Americans and traders spread European diseases among the Native Americans
b. Native Americans converted in large numbers to Christianity
c. made Native Americans dependent on Europeans and European Americans for trade goods
d. created and worsened existing rivalries among Native Americans

Question 18

In the 1700s, socioeconomic class probably meant the least to

Answer 18

Scot Irish farmer in backcountry North Carolina

–The 1700s saw enormous population and economic growth in the colonies, and along with this a widening of class differences. The only place where class mattered little was on the frontier, also known as the backcountry.

Question 19

What is an accurate characterization of American colonists by the mid-1700s?

Answer 19

Colonists came to believe that through hard work and ambition, anything was possible.

Question 20

One of the casualties of the French and Indian War was

Answer 20

Americans’ sense of the superiority of the British military

–The British army was made up of professional soldiers, but they were no match for the tactics of the French and their Native American allies. The colonial militias lost respect for the commanders of the army.

Question 21

The Stamp Act added fuel to the argument of “no taxation without representation” because

Answer 21

it was the first tax on goods made and sold within the colonies themselves

Question 22

At the same time the Stamp Act was repealed, Parliament passed the

Answer 22

Declaratory Act–Whereas the repeal of the Stamp Act was meant to satisfy British merchants and decrease unemployment at home, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act to reaffirm its power to tax the colonies.

Question 23

The colonists protested the Tea Act for what reasons

Answer 23

a. colonists feared it was the first of a series of similar actions that could threaten all colonial businesses
b. it threatened to put colonial tea merchants out of business
c. it was a tax that the colonists had not approved
e. it gave a monopoly to the British East India Company

Question 24

What were provisions of the Intolerable Acts

Answer 24

required colonists to provide housing for British soldiers

revoked the charter of Massachusetts

allowed a British soldier or official to be tried outside the colony if the governor thought it impossible to get a fair trial within the colony

closed the port of Boston

Question 25

Who tried to find a way to heal the differences with Great Britain

Answer 25

The First Continental Congress--In 1774 when the Congress first met, there was no clear consensus in the colonies for independence. Many colonists still thought that a way could be found to retain their rights and remain in the British empire. That was the purpose of the "Declaration of Rights and Grievances" that the Congress sent to George III.

Question 26

Whose idea were the committees of correspondence?

Answer 26

Samuel Adams--

Question 27

Who wrote a famous book, Democracy in America, about the American political system after a visit here from France in 1831 and 1832.

Answer 27

Alexis de Tocqueville

Question 28

Who he wrote "Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer"

Answer 28

John Dickinson he wrote Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer, in which he explained that Parliament had a right to regulate trade, but not to levy taxes within the colonies.

Question 29

During the war, one of George Washington's biggest problems was

Answer 29

lack of adequate funding for the army by Congress

Question 30

In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson drew on the social contract theory of which Enlightenment thinker?

Answer 30

John Locke

Question 31

Who wrote Common Sense and The Crisis in support of independence

Answer 31

Thomas Paine

Question 32

Native Americans sided with the British in the American Revolution, because

Answer 32

they feared that if the Americans won, they would push farther into Native American land

Question 33

In addition to France, which of the following nations aided the Americans in the Revolutionary War?

Answer 33

-Spain (and the Netherlands) lent the new United States money to fund the war, but Spain also declared war on Great Britain in 1779. A Spanish force defeated the British in Louisiana and West Florida.

Question 34

In writing their new state constitutions, states

Answer 34

limited the power of the state government Their experience as colonists under royal governors influenced the men who drafted the new state constitutions. As a result, they limited the power of state government.

Question 35

What were weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Answer 35

a. lack of a judiciary b. lack of an executive c. lack of the ability to levy taxes d. lack of authority to regulate interstate commerce

Question 36

"Your President may easily become king. Your Senate is so imperfectly constructed that your dearest rights may be sacrificed by what may be a small minority. . . ." This quotation is most likely from a speech by

Answer 36

Patrick Henry Think speech; think Patrick Henry of the impassioned "give me liberty or death" speech

Question 37

establishment of a national bank adoption of a protective tariff levying of an excise tax on whiskey repayment in their entirety of all war debts owed by the federal government and the states These were all WHO's proposals to establish a sound financial footing for the United States?

Answer 37

Alexander Hamilton

Question 38

As opposed to Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton considered the role of the federal government was to

Answer 38

encourage economic activity Jefferson believed that the future of the nation was as an agrarian society(any society whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland), whereas Hamilton saw it as an industrial society.

Question 39

The policy of the United States government toward Native Americans in the early republican period was to

Answer 39

negotiate for Native American land Regardless of the number of skirmishes between settlers and Native Americans, the official government policy was to negotiate for land, sign peace treaties, and pay little for the land.

Question 40

In the war between France and other European nations in the 1790s, what political party claimed the United States had no obligation to aid France because the alliance of 1778 had been with the French monarchy

Answer 40

Federalists

Question 41

Who delivered the "give me liberty or death" speech.

Answer 41

Patrick Henry

Question 42

Jay's Treaty was reviled by Democratic-Republicans because it

Answer 42

was not demanding enough in asserting United States rights against Great Britain

Question 43

″Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute″ would have been an appropriate slogan for Americans during what event?

Answer 43

XYZ Affair ″Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.″ This slogan was the response of Americans to the demands of Agents XYZ that before France would negotiate, the United States would have to lend it $10 million and give Talleyrand, the French minister, $250,000 personally.

Question 44

The underlying purpose for passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to

Answer 44

weaken the Democratic-Republican Party The four acts, collectively known as the Alien and Sedition Acts, were aimed at decreasing the strength of the Democratic-Republican Party. The only people arrested were Democratic-Republican newspaper editors.

Question 45

The election of 1800 is significant because

Answer 45

the political party in power changed without violence Thomas Jefferson called the election of 1800 "the revolution of 1800" for this reason

Question 46

What was a reason for France's offer to sell all of Louisiana to the United States

Answer 46

The successful slave uprising in Haiti undercut Napoleon's plan for an empire in the Americas.

Question 47

The central issue in McCulloch v. Maryland was

Answer 47

the extent of Congressional authority The McCulloch v. Maryland broadened the powers of Congress to include implied powers, all those "necessary and proper" to enable government to function. The case itself dealt with the constitutionality of the Second Bank and the state of Maryland's attempt to tax its bank notes.

Question 48

Jefferson's worst foreign policy blunder was

Answer 48

the Embargo Act of 1807 The embargo was meant to hurt the British and French economies and instead severely damaged the Northeast. Opposition to Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans was so great that the Federalists had a brief revival of support in the election of 1808.

Question 49

Who fought with the British in the War of 1812 as a result of the Battle of Tippecanoe?

Answer 49

Tecumseh Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, were organizing Native Americans from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico to resist selling their land to white Americans. When the Prophet attacked General William Henry Harrison's militia, the Native American encampment near the Tippecanoe River was destroyed.

Question 50

The major reason that the Federalists collapsed as a political party was because

Answer 50

the Democratic-Republicans adopted the Federalists' economic program

Question 51

Suffolk Resolves refers to what

Answer 51

Adopted by towns in Massachusetts' colony,Suffolk Resolves were a protest against the Intolerable Acts.

Question 52

What invention ensured the future of slavery in the South

Answer 52

invention of the cotton gin One argument used to keep the Constitutional Convention from outlawing slavery was that slavery would die out eventually because it was neither efficient nor cost effective. Some historians concur. The invention of the cotton gin, however, ended this possibility. The price of raw cotton went up dramatically as demand increased for cotton cloth. Many planters put all their resources into producing bigger crops, which required more cheap labor and, thus, the continuation of slavery.

Question 53

"Any man's son may become the equal of any other man's son" describes what characteristic of American society?

Answer 53

social mobility The ability to move from one social class to another has been a defining characteristic of American society since colonial days. Social class is less rigid in this country, because it is based on money rather than ancestry.

Question 54

spoils system is linked to what person?

Answer 54

spoils system, was the name given to the way Andrew Jackson handed out government jobs ("To the victor, belongs the spoils.")

Question 55

What nature of work was a leftover from the guild system of the Middle Ages

Answer 55

apprentice system

Question 56

Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans and Jackson's Democrats held what beliefs in common?

Answer 56

freedom from government interference

Question 57

The Compromise of 1820 was a failure because

Answer 57

it failed to settle the question of slavery once and for all

Question 58

What was not a feature of urban life in the antebellum North?

Answer 58

sewers and garbage collection Sanitation was not a big concern of urban-dwellers or anyone really, because the link between sewage and disease was just beginning to be understood.

Question 59

The election of 1828 was significant because

Answer 59

power shifted from the Eastern seaboard to the western states Jackson was the first President who elected from a state that was not one of the original thirteen.

Question 60

The Trail of Tears demonstrated the

Answer 60

uselessness of assimilation if Native Americans stood in the way of white Americans intent on gaining land

Question 61

The Boston Associates began the Lowell mills with the idea that

Answer 61

factories could be run without the abuses of the English factory system

Question 62

The Panic of 1837 resulted from

Answer 62

overspeculation in Western lands

Question 63

Maria Mitchell is noteworthy because

Answer 63

of her contributions to astronomy Maria Mitchell was an astronomer and discovered the comet that is named after her. She taught at Vassar Female College and was the first woman to be named to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Question 64

the book Walden is an example of what type of literature

Answer 64

transcendentalist literature

Question 65

The middle-class sentimental novel of the mid-1800s was chiefly concerned with

Answer 65

social codes and social behavior

Question 66

European literary and artistic tradition that greatly affected early and mid-nineteenth-century Americans artists and writers was

Answer 66

romanticism

Question 67

What poet is considered the quintessential American "common man"?

Answer 67

Walt Whitman For this period when you read quintessential American character and "common man," think Leaves of Grass, "Song of Myself" and Walt Whitman.

Question 68

The most popular architectural style in the early and mid-1800s was

Answer 68

Gothic revival

Question 69

Who was a crusader for asylums for the mentally ill

Answer 69

Dorothea Dix

Question 70

What institution served the role of "the great equalizer" in American society?

Answer 70

public schools

Question 71

During the mid-1800s colleges offered more practical courses such as:

Answer 71

science and engineering

Question 72

"I heartily accept the motto, 'That government is best which governs least'; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe: 'That government is best which governs not at all'; . . . The objections that have been brought against a standing army, and they are many and weighty, . . . may also at last be brought against a standing government." This quotation was most probably written by.

Answer 72

Henry David Thoreau This quotation is from Thoreau's work Civil Disobedience, which he wrote in 1849 in protest of the policies of the federal government

Question 73

Who were a well-known group of landscape painters in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Answer 73

Hudson River School The painter of the Hudson River School, or art movement, took as their subject the great American frontier, which at the time was upstate New York

Question 74

The social reform movements of the 1800s relied heavily on

Answer 74

the work and talents of women Relegating middle-class women to the house with labor saving products like bar soap and oil lamps and servants left them with time on their hands. Coupled with the social message that women were morally superior to men, they set out to reform the ills of society.

Question 75

Utopian communities in general were based on

Answer 75

the ideal of cooperation and communal ownership of property

Question 76

An unintended outcome of the Second Great Awakening was

Answer 76

increasing interest in social reform

Question 77

women were just beginning to fight for their rights in the first half of the:

Answer 77

1800's

Question 78

The British invented industrialization, Americans built on British ideas and:

Answer 78

took them to a higher level of efficiency American inventors are credited with developing the American system of manufacturing, which relied on interchangeable, or standardized, parts to mass-produce a variety of goods. Europeans then imported this system for their own factories.

Question 79

What were some tensions within the abolition movement

Answer 79

patronizing and racist attitude of some white abolitionists toward African American abolitionists gradual emancipation versus immediate abolition nonviolent action versus violence moral persuasion versus political action

Question 80

American settlers moved to Texas in the 1820s and 1830s, because

Answer 80

land was plentiful and cheap for raising cotton

Question 81

"Manifest destiny" was used by Americans in the mid-1800s to justify

Answer 81

expansion of the nation across the continent In 1845, a journalist used the phrase to justify the annexation of Texas, "manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."

Question 82

The slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" referred to American claims to which of the following?

Answer 82

Oregon President James K. Polk originally sought this line as the boundary line for the Oregon Territory, but agreed to the 49th parallel in order to avoid war with Great Britain and Mexico at the same time.

Question 83

What group had to pay a tax to mine for gold in California?

Answer 83

Chinese immigrant Any foreigner who wanted to mine for gold had to pay a special tax

Question 84

"Slave power" referred to the

Answer 84

power wealthy Southerners wielded over the economy and politics in the South

Question 85

Most white Southerners owned how many slaves

Answer 85

no slaves Only 2.5 percent of white Southerners owned slaves and were wealthy plantation owners. Sixty-four percent of white Southerners owned no slaves, yet supported slavery.

Question 86

Between 1800 and 1860, the majority of American workers worked in what fields?

Answer 86

remained in agriculture The industrialization of the United States workforce did not occur to any great degree until after the Civil War and even in 1900, only slightly less than half the nation's labor force worked in agriculture.

Question 87

During the first half of the 1800's mothers forfeited to the new public schools their roles as moral guides for their children. True or false

Answer 87

false Because women were seen as keepers of the virtues, such as honesty, piety, and selflessness, they were the first and foremost moral guides to their children.

Question 88

What restrictions on women made it difficult for them to fight for reforms in the mid-1800s?

Answer 88

Society frowned on respectable women speaking in public.

Question 89

What was a new job that opened to single women in the first half of the 1800s?

Answer 89

schoolteacher schoolteacher, which was the new career open to women in the first half of the nineteenth century—as long as they were single women. Once a woman married, she could no longer teach.

Question 90

What issues were important for workers in the mid-nineteenth century

Answer 90

a. 10-hour workday b. end to debtors' prisons c. cheap public land d. establishment of public schools

Question 91

During the 1840s and 1850s most Irish immigrants had been farmers, whereas most German immigrants were skilled workers. True or false

Answer 91

true

Question 92

Most Irish immigrants made poor politicians and wanted to move west. True or false

Answer 92

false Most Irish immigrants tended to stay in cities in the Northeast, tended to become political bosses and were predominantly Roman Catholic.

Question 93

If you were listening to Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, you were most likely at a

Answer 93

women's rights meeting Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott called the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.

Question 94

The Declaration of Sentiments, modeled after the Declaration of Independence, listed twelve resolutions calling for:

Answer 94

equal rights for women including the vote.

Question 95

Americans in California rebelled in _____ and declared their __________.

Answer 95

1846, independence

Question 96

The significance of the Free Soil Party in the election of 1848 was that it

Answer 96

splintered the two-party political system

Question 97

The chief obstacle emigrants met on the overland trails to the Far West was

Answer 97

natural features of the land

Question 98

Who was LEAST likely to become a member of the American Party in 1854

Answer 98

upper-middle-class store owner The American Party, or Know-Nothings, drew its membership from those who were concerned about economic competition from immigrants and the potential disturbance of the social order these people and their "foreign ways" could cause.

Question 99

It was against the law to teach enslaved African Americans to read and write. True or False

Answer 99

true

Question 100

The struggle between proslavery and antislavery forces to have Kansas admitted to the Union in the late 1850s resulted in

Answer 100

an open split between Northern and Southern Democrats

Question 101

While members of Congress debated slavery, the United States was also pursuing the opening of trade relations:

Answer 101

with Japan Matthew Perry sailed his steam-powered warship into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and returned the following year with seven warships to negotiate a trade agreement with Japan.

Question 102

All of the following worked to end slavery in what way John Brown Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Tubman David Wilmot

Answer 102

John Brown- was a fiery abolitionist, who led the raid on Harpers Ferry in an effort to launch a slave rebellion and was hanged for his trouble. Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote the abolitionist polemic Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Tubman- was a conductor on the Underground Railroad and a forceful speaker against slavery. David Wilmot- a Pennsylvania member of the House, introduced a bill to outlaw slavery in land acquired from Mexico for $10 million

Question 103

Many Northern workers began to support abolition because

Answer 103

as "wage slaves," they saw themselves in a similar situation

Question 104

Who had the plan for the "American System"

Answer 104

Henry Clay The American System was Henry Clay's plan to provide economic stimulus for all three regions in the early 1800s, namely, a high protective tariff, a national bank to provide a stable financial system for all regions, and funding for internal improvements.

Question 105

In the presidential election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln won the ______ vote but not a majority of the popular vote

Answer 105

electoral

Question 106

At the beginning of the Civil War the South had to establish a functioning central government to oversee the war and the governance of the states, whereas the North had an existing federal government. True or false

Answer 106

true

Question 107

at the beginning of the Civil War the south had a powerful navy. True or False

Answer 107

False the South had no navy and the North used its navy to blockade Southern ports very effectively.

Question 108

What woman went against social convention by setting up a nursing staff of women to care for the wounded during the Civil War?

Answer 108

Clara Barton

Question 109

In the "Trent Affair" Trent was what?

Answer 109

a British ship carrying two representatives of the Confederate government who were on their way to Great Britain to plead the South's case.

Question 110

Copperheads were

Answer 110

Northern Democrats who wanted Lincoln to negotiate peace with the South

Question 111

In reality the Emancipation Proclamation freed no slaves. True or False

Answer 111

True Issued Jan 1st 1863, "all slaves in the rebellious states shall be forever free" did not actually free any slaves but transformed the war from a fight to preserve the nation to a battle for human freedom.

Question 112

The South expected aid from Great Britain because they supplied almost all:

Answer 112

the raw cotton used by British textile mills

Question 113

How did the Trent affair create a crisis between the United States and Great Britain at the beginning of the Civil War?

Answer 113

In November 1861, a Union ship stopped the British ship Trent and took off two representatives of the Confederate government who were on their way to Great Britain to plead the South's case. The British denounced the seizure as a violation of freedom of the seas. The crisis ended when the two men were released.

Question 114

These four were slave-owning states but remained in the Union.

Answer 114

a. Missouri b. Maryland c. Kentucky d. Delaware

Question 115

"That any person drafted and notified to appear . . . may, on or before the day fixed for his appearance, furnish an acceptable substitute to take his place in the draft; or he may pay . . . such sum, not exceeding three hundred dollars . . . for the [procurement] of such substitute. . ." This law resulted in

Answer 115

draft riots in New York City Workers, many of them immigrants, rioted against African Americans in New York and other cities, because they believed African Americans were responsible for the war and the unfair burden on those who could not afford to buy a substitute to serve for them in the army.

Question 116

Clara Barton was known during the civil for:

Answer 116

setting up a nursing staff of women to care for the wounded.

Question 117

the "free soil party" campaigned for what?

Answer 117

the Free Soil Party campaigned on a platform to establish western lands free of slavery

Question 118

The Know-Nothings were also known as:

Answer 118

The American Party, or Know-Nothings, drew its membership from those who were concerned about economic competition from immigrants and the potential disturbance of the social order these people and their "foreign ways" could cause.

Question 119

This Bill was Congress's first version of Reconstruction, which Lincoln vetoed. He considered Reconstruction to be the task of the President as commander in chief.

Answer 119

Wade-Davis Bill

Question 120

This Act provided for the financing of land-grant colleges in the Midwest and West; these were to teach agricultural science.

Answer 120

Morrill Act

Question 121

The flaw in Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan was:

Answer 121

that the same men who ran Southern governments before the war would be returned to power

Question 122

This Act was passed by the Radical Republicans to limit the power of President Andrew Johnson

Answer 122

The Tenure of Office Act

Question 123

Radical Republicans' plan for Reconstruction was:

Answer 123

the enforced political rehabilitation of Southern states and the civil rights of African Americans.

Question 124

The black codes, which were passed immediately after the Civil War, were meant to:

Answer 124

limit freedom of movement and employment by African Americans. The black codes took the place of the antebellum South's slave codes and also limited the freedom of movement and general civil rights of newly freed African Americans.

Question 125

One group outside the South that was interested in seeing an end to Reconstruction was:

Answer 125

Northern businessmen recognized that there was money to be made by investing in the South, but they wanted political stability before they would invest.