Petersons test 1 Flashcards
In general, Native American groups prior to contact with Europeans
had adapted to a variety of geographic and climate conditions.
Which of the following was NOT a factor in the success of the Spanish in conquering Native American peoples?
the importation of Africans
Which of the following was NOT a direct result of the dumping of precious metals from the Americas into European markets?
introduction of joint-stock companies
What is a true statement about Puritanism?
Puritanism was based on a set of religious, political, and social values.
The first published poet in the North American colonies was
Anne Bradstreet
William Penn called his colony a “Holy Experiment” because he
wanted to establish a self-governing colony with political and religious freedom
The Bodies of Liberty, the first set of laws in the English colonies, was passed by the
Massachusetts General Court
Tobacco was the most important export commodity in the late seventeenth century for which of the following?
Virginia and Maryland
True or False:The colonies had no colleges, so young men had to go to England for higher education.
False: The first century of colonization saw the founding of Harvard, William and Mary, and Yale. Other colleges such as Princeton (College of New Jersey) followed in the 1700s.
King Philip’s War was a battle between who and why?
Colonists and Native Americans:: King Philip is his English name, but to his Wampanoag nation he was known as Metacom. He led a war against the colonists in New England over land rights.
Bacon’s Rebellion was:
a rebellion of frontiersmen against the governor and House of Burgesses in the Virginia colony.
Shays’s Rebellion was:
a rebellion on the frontier in the early days of the new United States.
Stono Uprising had to do with what group?
Slaves in South Carolina and Georgia in 1739
A major difference in government structure between royal colonies and charter colonies was
the colonists elected their own governor in charter colonies, whereas the monarch appointed the governor in a royal colony
The development of enslaved Africans as the chief labor supply after Bacon’s Rebellion occurred because of:
the growing number of white landless and discontented former servants
The first colony in the 1600s to require that each town establish a public primary school was
Massachusetts
While the English were the largest group of people to immigrate to the colonies, the second largest group were:
Scots Irish ( By 1700, some 150,000 English had immigrated to North America. The Scots Irish, had originally immigrated to Ireland from Scotland, and the end of the cloth-making industry in Ireland in the 1700s forced many of their descendants to emigrate.)
A significant characteristic of the social class structure in the English colonies was:
the size and wealth of the middle class (About 70 percent of all white colonists were considered middle class. They were the small farm owners, shopkeepers, and craftworkers.)
Puritans viewed children as:
small adults.
“The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on deck for the fresh air . . . “
This quotation probably describes
a slave ship bound for the Americas
The religious group that had the greatest influence in New England after the initial phase of settlement was
Congregational Church
Over time, which of the following rights were married women in the colonies able to exercise?
conduct business
The Great Awakening spurred:
a. the development of religious pluralism
b. establishment of nonsectarian colleges
c. separation of church and state
d. active participation in church affairs by ordinary people
A major difference between slavery in Virginia and in the Carolinas and Georgia was that
most slaves in Virginia had been born in the colony rather than imported
The major colonial crop in Virginia was:
tobacco
Which of the following was a major advantage for the British in North America during the French and Indian War?
The British colonies were populated with families willing to fight for their homes.
What Indian tribe did the British have as an ally?
Iroquois
The British government did not enforce the Proclamation of 1763 because?
it was to the benefit of the British empire to have the colonists move West (the land beyond the settled colonies had riches that would ultimately benefit the British government through increased trade)
British policy toward its colonies in the 1600s and 1700s was based on the principle of:
mercantilism ( According to mercantilism, colonies exist for the benefit of the home country.)
The “power of the purse,” colonial legislatures’ ability to influence the actions of royal officials in the colonies, was eliminated by the:
Townshend Acts ( The revenues raised by the customs duties imposed in the Townshend Act were to be used to pay royal officials in the colonies, thus eliminating the bargaining chip that colonial legislatures held)
Some examples of the influence of Enlightenment thinking were?
a. Benjamin Franklin’s scientific experiments
b. John Locke’s social contract theory
c. the Declaration of Independence
D. the use of inoculations against smallpox
Predestination refers to:
the religious belief that people were either saved or damned by God and that their own good works were of no value in determining their salvation.
“Of more worth is one honest man to society, and in the sight of God than all the crowned ruffians that ever lived.”
This quotation was most probably written by
Thomas Paine
The Peace of Paris called for:
a. Loyalists were to be paid for their confiscated property
b. the British were to withdraw from all U.S. territory
c. the Mississippi would serve as the western boundary of the United States
d. the United States was given fishing rights in the northern waters off Canada
The major difficulty of government under the Articles of Confederation was:
lack of a chief executive
What provided the plan for all subsequent admission of territories to statehood in the United States?
Northwest Ordinance
The Homestead Act refers to:
a system to give land to families in the West who were willing to work it; passed in 1862
The Kansas-Nebraska Act refers to:
Slavery; passed in 1854 and set up a way for residents of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether they wanted their state to be free or slave.
The Gadsden Purchase refers to:
the acquisition of land from Mexico in 1853 that makes up the current border between Mexico and the United States in southern Arizona and New Mexico.
The Great Compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention resulted in:
the establishment of a legislature of two houses, a House of Representatives based on population and a Senate with equal representation among the states
the counting of slaves as three-fifths of a person resulted from the:
“three-fifths compromise”
The major shortcoming of the new Constitution according to Anti-Federalists was
lack of protection for individuals
In order the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution includes?
The right to freedom of religion, speech, the press, the right to petition the government, and the right to assemble.
The authority of Congress to approve presidential nominees to the federal judiciary is an example of:
checks and balances (The delegates to the Constitutional Convention set up a system to ensure that no one branch of government became too powerful; this system is called “checks and balances.”)
The reason underlying Alexander Hamilton’s proposal that the United States government redeem all bonds at face value and pay all state debts was?
to convince wealthy Americans that the United States was a safe investment
What was the first test of the unity of the United States under its new Constitution?
Whiskey Rebellion (As part of Hamilton’s plan to put the new nation on sound footing, he proposed and Congress passed an excise tax on whiskey. Farmers in the Pennsylvania backcountry rebelled because they turned much of the corn they raised into whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell. President George Washington called out the state militia to put down the rebellion against the federal government.)
This person helped to lay out Washington, DC, and was a mathematician and astronomer?
Benjamin Banneker
The Federalists party of the 1790s found its support among
Northern merchants, New England farmers, and skilled workers
“‘Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances, with any portion of the foreign world.”
This quotation is most likely from a speech by
George Washington (This sentence is from Washington’s “Farewell Address.” His warning against foreign entanglements is one of the most often cited pieces of his advice for the new nation.)
The Treaty of Greenville is significant because
Native Americans in the Old Northwest ceded most of their lands to the United States (The Shawnee, Miami, Sauk, Fox, and other Native American nations in the Old Northwest agreed to the treaty after their defeat in the battle of Fallen Timbers.)
The Sedition Act was used primarily against
Republican printers and editors (The Sedition Act, passed on July 14, 1789 made the publishing of “false, scandalous, and malicious writing” against the government illegal. The act was passed under the guise of protecting the U.S. from “dangerous” aliens, but in reality, it was a tool the Federalists used to hinder the growth of the Democratic-Republican Party.)
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions are significant because:
they were the first articulation of the doctrine of nullification.(The theory of nullification, that states could declare null and void any law passed by Congress, was at the center of the states rights’ issue in the nineteenth century prior to the Civil War.)
The Supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review of acts of Congress was
Marbury v. Madison
What were the major results of the Louisiana Purchase?
a. it doubled the size of the United States
b. it removed the French threat from the center of the continent
c. it permanently opened New Orleans for trade with Americans in the interior
d. it increased tensions over slavery
The purpose of the Embargo Act of 1807 was to:
preserve the neutrality of the United States. ( The United States had declared its neutrality in the fight between Great Britain and France, which should have allowed its ships to trade with both nations. However, neither Great Britain nor France respected this declaration of neutrality and seized ships and goods bound for the other nation.)
What political group lost significant influence as a result of the War of 1812?
Federalists (lost influence because they had protested the war.)
War-Hawks were a group of:
of congressmen from the frontier states, were vocal supporters of the war of 1812.
What war was dubbed “Mr. Madison’s War”
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was significant because:
the new United States fought Great Britain to a standoff .
Between 1780 and 1830, the population of the United States grew from 2.7 million to 12 million chiefly as a result of:
natural increase.
The Monroe Doctrine was a bold statement by the United States because:
the nation did not have the power to back it up.
Henry Clay’s plan to finance a national bank, levy a protective tariff, and use federal funds to finance internal improvements is known as:
American System
The term “Era of good feelings” was given during what presidents term?
Era of Good Feelings, was the term given to the administrations of James Monroe.
The Hartford Convention refers to:
Hartford Convention, was a meeting called in New England to denounce the War of 1812.
The Missouri Compromise was important because:
it established a boundary line for the expansion of slavery.
The Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson attracted what types of people?
Southerners, Westerners, and Northern urban workers.
The election of 1824 resulted:
in the House of Representatives’ deciding the election.
What were the results of the election of 1800?
a. in a president from one party and a vice president from another
b. in passage of the Twelfth Amendment
c. the first time power was transferred peacefully from one political party to another
What was the 12th amendment concerned with?
Provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.
What President was famous for using the spoils system to reward supporters?
Andrew Jackson; seventh President of the United States (1829–1837)
What transformed the economy of the Southern states?
The invention of the cotton gin.
Jackson’s Specie Circular resulted in:
an economic depression. ( The Specie Circular was an order issued by President Andrew Jackson that required that all federal lands be paid for in gold or silver (specie). )
“John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.”
This quotation was most likely spoken by what President?
Andrew Jackson (John Marshall was the first Supreme Court Chief Justice)
The transportation revolution resulted in what effects?
a. the price of food fell in the Northeast
b. nationwide mail delivery was possible
c. manufactured goods took the place of homemade goods
d. less value was placed on women’s work that did not generate income
The putting-out system was made possible only because of the adoption of
division of labor
One of the biggest societal changes of the early 1800s was
the new concept of domesticity governing women’s roles as wife and mother( It was not until the early 1800s that the so called “traditional” family roles were established. It was at this time that husbands and fathers became the “breadwinners” whilst the wives became defined as “homemakers.”)
Early union efforts were aimed at organizing what group of people
skilled, white male workers
An author whose works helped to establish a national identity for American literature was
James Fenimore Cooper (Cooper used the experience of the frontier in New York State as the subject matter for his novels)
Transcendentalists were interested in using their literary output
to reform American life
By the 1830s, the greatest growth in printed material occurred in
Newspapers (The huge increase in the number of newspapers paralleled the increasing interest in politics among ordinary people. Political parties published their own papers and gave a decidedly partisan view of events. In the 25 years between 1810 and 1835, the number of papers almost quadrupled, from 376 to 1,200.)
What artist painted romanticized versions of life on the western frontier?
George Caleb Bingham
The campaign for local option laws was one aspect of which of the following movements?
temperance (Local option laws were laws that gave municipalities, that is, local governments, the option to ban the sale of alcohol within their boundaries.)
The Cherokee were one of what was termed the “Five Civilized Nations” because they:
adopted various culture traits of white residents of the United States, while remaining a separate nation.
What characteristics did the Cherokee adopt from European American society?
a. written language
b. enslavement of African Americans
c. Christianity
d. written constitution
Why was the Deep South not associated with the underground railroad?
Because the Underground Railroad didn’t reach that far.
What issues split the abolitionist movement ?
a. the exportation of slaves to and colonization in Africa
b. the role of women in the abolitionist movement
c. gradual versus immediate emancipation
d. participation in the political process to change slave laws
Texas gained its independence as a result of
the battle of San Jacinto (fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County, Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston)
Members of the Whig Party were most likely to disagree among themselves over the issue of:
extension of slavery into the territories.
The first example of the factory system in the United States was the work of
Francis Cabot Lowell (Lowell, Massachusetts, and the textile factories that employed native-born young women from farms and then replaced them with cheaper immigrant labor. That town was named after Francis Cabot Lowell.)
The first well-known woman scientist in the United States was?
Maria Mitchell, was an astronomer who discovered a comet and several distant star groups.
Who was an abolitionist and founder of the feminist movement; she was one of the co-organizers of the first women’s rights conference held at Seneca Falls in 1848.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Middle-class Americans at mid-century viewed public education
as a stabilizing force in a world of rapid change
Most fiction and nonfiction writers in the first part of the mid-nineteenth century were?
social critics
What book is an allegory of good and evil?
Moby Dick
Labor had limited success in organizing in the 1840s and 1850s primarily because of:
the increasing ethnic diversity of the workforce as immigration increased. (The ethnic and cultural diversity of the workforce worked against the development of a sense of unity among workers.)
Americans who settled in Texas under Mexican rule plotted rebellion when Mexico tried:
to enforce its ban on slavery.
The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 took up the issue of
women’s rights
Folk artists tended to use what theme for their works?
portraits and scenes of family life
“East by sunrise, West by sunset, North by the Arctic Expedition, and South as far as we darn well please.”
This quotation was another way of describing which of the following ideas?
manifest destiny
Those most likely to move into the class of Southern elite were
middle-class professionals (Middle-class professionals were doctors, lawyers, and merchants who had the money to invest in land and slaves and were sometimes paid in land and slaves.)
What of the four early utopian communities?
a. New Harmony
b. Amana
c. Brook Farm
d. Oneida
This was a religious commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in New York.
The Oneida Community, Oneida, New York ( they followed a belief called Perfectionism)
Oberlin College is credited with being:
the first coeducational college.
What is an accurate description of the growth of cities by the mid-1800s?
Cities were becoming separated into neighborhoods based on socioeconomic levels.
The Whig Party was replaced as a major party in the two-party system by the:
Republican Party
The oldest college in the United States is:
Harvard, founded in 1836.
The majority of pioneers in Oregon and the Puritans in Massachusetts had which of the following motivations in common?
better themselves financially
What rule was meant to stop Congress from considering anti-slavery petitions?
gag rule
Most white Southern families lived how?
at subsistence level (Most white Southern families lived on farms and raised crops for their own use.)
The first historically all-black college was:
Lincoln University in Pennsylvania
“Can people of a Territory in any lawful way, against the wishes of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State constitution? I answer emphatically, . . . that in my opinion the people of a Territory can by lawful means, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State constitution.”
The principle referred to in this quotation is
popular sovereignty (Stephen Douglas spoke these words in a debate with Abraham Lincoln during the Senatorial election campaign in Illinois in 1858)
The Know-Nothing Party was:
founded to restrict immigrants and keep Roman Catholics from holding public office.
John Brown’s was:
an abolitionist who seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia,(John Browns raid) in an effort to start a slave insurrection.
“Bleeding Kansas” was a term given to:
to the violence that erupted when it came time for Kansans to vote for or against slavery in their territory.
The Ostend Manifesto was a:
a document that threatened a U.S.-supported revolution in Cuba if Spain would not sell the island to the United States(The underlying purpose of the proposal was to gain additional slave states to support the South.)
The Wilmot Proviso was controversial because it proposed:
federal funding for colonization efforts in Africa. (The Wilmot Proviso was never passed by both houses of Congress.)
Most goldhunters in the California gold rush of 1849 expected:
to find gold and return home.
Of the various provisions of the Compromise of 1850, which one helped to turn many Northerners into abolitionists?
The Fugitive Slave Law. ( It required that all escaped slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate in this law. Abolitionists nicknamed it the “Bloodhound Law” for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves)
The Republican platform of 1860 supported what famous raid?
John Brown’s raid
Why did Lincoln not initially make emancipation a goal of the Civil War?
He was concerned that the border states would join the Confederacy.
One advantage the confederacy had during the civil war was:
they had to fight a defensive war. (The Confederacy had only to defend their land, not invade the enemy’s territory as the Union had to.)
The major goal of the Confederacy’s foreign policy was to:
gain recognition as an independent nation from foreign governments.
Johnson’s Reconstruction plan included:
a. states could hold constitutional conventions without requiring a set number of voters take an oath of allegiances to the United States
b. pardons for all who took the oath of allegiance to the United States except for certain officials and wealthy Southerners
c. ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment
d. repeal secession
Andrew Johnson based his veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 on what?
It was unconstitutional because it violated states’ rights.
After the Civil War, women were told to put aside their demand for voting rights and to work instead for:
voting rights for African American men.
The most important goal for freed slaves was:
to acquire land, a house, and a means of making a living .
What was part of the Radical Republicans’ plan for Reconstruction?
The new state constitutions were to guarantee voting rights for African American males.
“Seward’s Folly” refers to:
the purchase of Alaska from Russia. (William Seward was secretary of state when Russia offered to sell Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million. When gold was found in the new territory in 1896, Seward didn’t seem so foolish.)
Redeemers were so-called because they:
were white Southern politicians who restored white supremacy in the South. ( By the end of Reconstruction, Redeemers had gained control of state government in all the former Confederate states.)
Reconstruction ended in 1877 because:
a deal was reached to name Hayes the winner of the presidential election of 1876 in exchange for an end to Reconstruction.
What replaced the plantation system of agriculture in the South?
sharecropping (In exchange for land, tools, a mule, seed, and shack, a sharecropper and his family would give a third or a half of the harvest to the landowner.)
What ways did White Southerners benefit following the Civil War?
a. greater spending on public education
b. improved transportation network
c. introduction of more industry into the South
d. more democratic state constitutions
What did Presidents George Washington, Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Ulysses S. Grant have in common?
All were war heroes.
