pet process

Question 1

is a basic filter used for removing small solids from large amounts of water. it clears water by passing it through layers of gravel and sand.

Answer 1

bed filters

Question 2

is press developed for handling large volumes of sludge and efficient washing with wash water. they consist of hollow wire frameworks covered by filter cloth, and are hung in parallel in a closed tank.

Answer 2

leaf filters

Question 3

a new configuration of flat membranes has been developed, increasing membrane area per unit of separator volume and decreasing pressure drops. the assembly consists of a sandwich of four sheets wrapped around a central core of a perforated collecting tube. the spiral-wound element is 100-200 mm in diameter and 1-11.5 m long in the axial direction.

Answer 3

spiral-wound membranes.

Question 4

early membranes had limitations due to low selectivity in separating gases and low permeation fluxes. this was because the membranes needed to be thick to avoid tiny holes, reducing separation efficiency.

Answer 4

dense-phase symmetric membranes

Question 5

these filters are used in high-capacity processes there are three types: vacuum-drum, disk, and horizontal. the vacuum-drum filter runs continuously but can’t handle thick liquids.

Answer 5

contnuous rotary filters

Question 6

high product recovery and simple operation. it separates particles from liquids flowing vertically into the filter. the filtered materials develop into a cake on the filter’s surface, clogging the membrane relatively quickly.

Answer 6

dead-end filtration

Question 7

have a very thin, dense skin on one side supported by a porous substructure. the dense skin is about 1000å thick, while the porous support is 25–100 μm thick. these membranes have a flux increase thousands of times higher than original 1-mil thick membranes.

Answer 7

asymmetric membranes

Question 8

is made of plates and frames covered with filter cloth. slurry is pumped in, and the liquid drains out through the cloth while solids form a cake. the press is then taken apart to remove the cake, and the process repeats.

Answer 8

plate-and-frame filter

Question 8

are small-diameter, hollow fibers with inside and outside diameters ranging from 100-500 μm. they resemble shell-and-tube heat exchangers, with thousands of fine tubes bound together into a tube sheet surrounded by a metal shell.

Answer 8

.hollow-fiber membranes.

Question 9

are mainly used in experiments to characterize the permeability of the membrane. the modules are easy to fabricate and use, and the areas of the membranes are well defined. in some cases, modules are stacked together like a multilayer sandwich or plate-and-frame filter press.

Answer 9

flat membranes

Question 10

Is a procedure for separating components of a mixture depending on their boiling points

Answer 10

Distillation

Question 11

Is a separation process where a mixture is brought into contact with another
immiscible liquid phase to transfer one or more solutes from the original phase to
the new phase.

Answer 11

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Question 12

The process of distillation is used for the liquids having

Answer 12

Sufficient difference in their boiling point

Question 13

What is the first physical process to happen in distillation?

Answer 13

Evaporation

Question 14

Comprises of an opening in the tray and a lift-valve cover with guides to keep the
cover correctly positioned over the opening

Answer 14

Valve Tray

Question 15

t is a flat surface with tiny holes that allow vapor to rise through liquid in
processes such as distillation and gas absorption.

Answer 15

Sieve Tray

Question 16

Used to represent the equilibrium data for a three component system

Answer 16

Equilateral triangular coordinates

Question 17

It is used in continuous countercurrent gas and liquid contact in absorption, as
well as vapor-liquid contact in distillation

Answer 17

Packed Towers

Question 18

How many degrees of freedom are there at the triple point in a one-component
system?

Answer 18

0

Question 19

What is adsorption?

Answer 19

Surface phenomenon where components of a gas or liquid stream are absorbed on the
surface of a solid

Question 20

What is chemisorption?

Answer 20

Formation of strong chemical bonds between adsorbate and adsorbent.

Question 21

What principle does centrifugation rely on?

Answer 21

Centrifugal force

Question 22

Which adsorbent is ideal for drying, gas separation, and catalytic applications?

Answer 22

Zeolites

Question 23

What is the primary use of ion exchange resins in water softening?

Answer 23

To exchange hardness ions like calcium and magnesium with sodium ions.

Question 24

What is nucleation in the context of crystallization?

Answer 24

Formation of nuclei within a supersaturated solution

Question 24

Which type of centrifuge is ideal for separating solids and liquids in suspensions or
emulsions?

Answer 24

Disc Bowl Centrifuge

Question 25

Which type of crystallization involves heating to cause solvent evaporation?

Answer 25

Evaporative Crystallization

Question 26

It is the process of water dissolving and removing substances and depositing those substances in other locations, usually in areas of lower elevation due to gravity.

Answer 26

leaching

Question 27

It is the type of leaching equipment that is consists of U-shaped screw conveyor with each limb having separate screw conveyor with different rpm and bottom leg also consist of screw conveyor.

Answer 27

hildebrandt

Question 27

The simplest evaporator consists of an open pan or kettle in which the liquid is boiled. The heat is supplied by condensation of steam in a jacket or in coils immersed in the liquid.

Answer 27

open kettle or pan

Question 28

Evaporator that both feed and steam are introduced in the first effect and the feed is passed from effect to effect parallel to the vapor from the earlier effect.

Answer 28

forward feed multiples effect evaporator

Question 29

A variation on the long-tube-type evaporator is the , wherein the liquid is fed to the top of the tubes and flows down the walls as a thin film. Vapor–liquid separation usually takes place at the bottom

Answer 29

falling film type evaporator

Question 29

It is remove first evaporator after heat transfered.

Answer 29

condensate

Question 30

It parallel feed multiple effect evaporators from which the steam emerges

Answer 30

3rd evaporator

Question 31

It utilize a reverse flow approach, beneficial when fresh feed is cold, requiring less heating. The concentrated product exits the first effect, while the new feed enters the final one. Liquid pumps are essential due to the low-to-high pressure flow

Answer 31

backward feed multiple effect evaporator

Question 32

It is the process where the liquid transform into a gas due to increase of temperature or decrease in pressure.

Answer 32

evaporation

Question 33

A very old yet still-viable process is solar evaporation in open pans. Saltwater is put in shallow open pans or troughs and allowed to evaporate slowly in the sun to crystallize the salt.

Answer 33

open pan solar evaporator

Question 34

It is the process that transfer atoms, molecules, or ions from one material to another.

Answer 34

Absorption

Question 35

It is a flat surface with small holes that allow vapor to bubble up through liquid in processes like distillation and gas absorption.

Answer 35

Sieve Tray

Question 36

It is the process of introducing controlled amounts of water vapor into gas streams, serves as a linchpin in enhancing operational efficiency, product quality, and environmental sustainability within petroleum refining and petrochemical facilities.

Answer 36

Humidification

Question 37

These towers use in maintaining optimal operating conditions and ensuring * the efficiency and safety of the overall operation

Answer 37

Cooling Tower

Question 37

In many processes within the petroleum industry, such as distillation, cracking, and chemical reactions, heat is generated as a byproduct. This excess heat needs to be removed to prevent equipment overheating and ensure the efficiency of the process.

Answer 37

Heat Dissipation

Question 38

It is the process that transfer the components from a liquid to a vapor stream

Answer 38

Stripping

Question 39

As the water loses heat to the air, it becomes cooler and is recirculated back to the process equipment to absorb more heat

Answer 39

Water Cooling

Question 40

is the range of materials that are specially designed for use in distillation and absorption columns, as well as chemical reactors.

Answer 40

Structural Packing

Question 41

The enriched absorption fluid is heated and passed into a stripping column, where the light product vapours pass upward and are condensed for recovery as

Answer 41

liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Question 42

This consists of an opening in the tray and a lift-valve cover with guides to keep the cover properly positioned over the opening.

Answer 42

Valve Tray