Perth Flashcards
Site of Perth
General:
Shaped by the Swan River, Indian Ocean and Darling Escarpment
Extent:
Yanchep to Mandurah, west of the Darling Escarpment
Landforms:
Swan Coastal Plain
Gnangara Mound
Height:
0-60m above sea level
Drainage:
Swan and Canning River; drains from Darling Scarp and empties into the Indian Ocean
Situation of Perth
31°E 57°S
SW coast of Western Australia
CBD is 14 km west of the Darling Range
13 km inland from Indian Ocean
2716km from Adelaide – one of the most isolated cities in the world
Urban agglomeration/conurbation – merging with other settlements; Fremantle, Rockingham, Mandurah
Perth - CBD location
Original settlement on north bank of Swan River, east of Mt Eliza
Bordered by Esplanade, St. Georges Terrace, Wellington Street, Victoria Ave, and Milligan Street
Perth - CBD characteristics
Compact zone Retail heart of the city Concentration of offices Highest land values Most intensive land uses High daytime population Pedestrian dominated High residential activity Dynamic zone Centripetal processes: access to central locations, therefore high yielding activities exist in the CBD Vertical zonation Horizontal zonation (St. George’s Terrace – banking and insurance)
Perth - IMZ location
Bordering CBD
Perth - IMZ characteristics
Evidence of agglomeration
Consists of older suburbs of East Perth, Northbridge, West Perth
-Invasion of IMZ – South Perth, Vic Park
Mixture of intensive land uses (industrial, residential)
Congested area of urban blight – mostly cleared
Redevelopment project
Invasion and succession
Gentrification – eg. Joe White Maltings Factories
Perth - Establish Residential location
Surrounds the IMZ
Mt Lawley, Subiaco, Nedlands
Perth - Established Residential characteristics
Residential functions dominate
Diverse mixture of housing and people
Ribbon commercial & retail development on main roads (Beaufort Street)
Remnant corner delis
Special purpose land uses dispersed throughout zone (Balcatta, Osborne – industrial, Mt. Lawley – educational
Perth - NGZ location
Kiara, Currambine, Darch, Brighton
Perth - NGZ characteristics
Low density housing; project housing
Rural-urban fringe (Wanneroo)
Large-scale real-estate development & land releases (Mindarie)
Land prices lower than established suburbs (except Hillarys, Mindari)
Much vacant land
Young families dominate
Poor provision of services
Planned commercial and retail precinct (Southlands, Whitford City)
Perth - Outer Business District location
Scattered through city
Located in accessible areas (transport nodes)
Perth - Outer Business District characteristics
Form hierarchy:
- District zones (Cannington, Osborne Park)
- Regional shopping centres (Garden City, Carousel)
- District shopping centres (Cott, Claremont)
- Community shopping centres (Dewson’s shopping centre, South Freo)
- Neighbourhood shopping centres (Bateman village, Parry Ave, Bateman)
- Corner stores (Freo)
Perth - Industrial Areas location
Established on planned industrial estates (Canningvale)
Perth - Industrial Areas characteristics
Complex processing industries tend to agglomerate on the edge of city (Kwinana; oil, bauxite, nickel refineries)
Fabricating industries focus on industrial suburbs (Welshpool, Kewdale)
High value added industries (jewellery, clothing – often close to the CBD) eg. King’s Street
Perth - RUF location
Quinns Rock, Port Kennedy, Baldivis
Perth - RUF characteristics
Dynamic region
Outer Growth Zone
Invasion, succession & urban shadow; elimination of rural functions in RUF – expansion of residential and industrial activities have encroached on farmland
Centrifugal and centripetal processes – largely product of both forces
Mixture of land uses (market gardening – Wanneroo, vineyards – Guildford, Industrial – Canningvale)
Extensive urban land uses (Caversham – wildlife park)
Undesirable land uses (prisons – Canningvale)
Isolated pockets of new residential developments (Ellenbrook, Jane Brook) & hobby farms
Incomplete and untidy blighted appearance
Perth - Special Purpose Areas location
Scattered in location
Perth - Special Purpose Areas characteristics
Diversity of activities
- Education (UWA, Murdoch)
- Research and technology (Bentley)
- Medical institutions (PMH, KEMH)
External morphology perth - transport routes
- Port at mouth of Swan River influenced original shape of city
- Major roads (Albany, G. Eastern HWY) shape city
o Linear extensional along those routes - Mitchell and Kwinana FWY – important for recent development
External Morphology Perth - Functional Influences
Multifunctional
- Initial development – Perth as administrative centre and Freo as a port
- Attracted secondary and tertiary industries – further expansion (88% of WA population)
- Function as industrial centre = the establishment of industrial corridor expansion
o Located South of Freo to Rockingham – resulted in lower suburb development in the south, higher development in the north
External Morphology Perth - cultural values
¼ acre block dream = large, sprawling city
- Desire to own your own house
- Sprawling city – spread over vast area
- Low urban density = large spread & semi-sellate pattern; willingness to travel increased sprawl
- High value on coastal and river lifestyle – accounts for the North-South elongation and high density housing near/along river
Planning - Perth
Attempt to channel growth of the city in a particular way
- Involves State Government (Department of Planning and Infrastructure), local government
- 1829 – John Septimus Roe – grid pattern streets of CBD
- State Gov. Metropolitan regional planning:
o 1st – 1955 – Stephenson-Hepburn: restricting expansion, reserve areas for public open space
o 2nd – 1973 – Corridor Plan: results in visible on current external morphology
Residential segregation
the tendency for population sub-groups to become concentrated in a particular area of the city
Distinct patterns can be identified on choropleths constructed from census data
Age-Sex ratios - Perth
Reflects the age of the suburbs; older, inner suburbs (Nedlands, Claremont, Peppermint Grove) have a higher proportion of older & female residents (higher death-rate of males)
Strong social ties with others in the area, well provided for (services)
Aging population means some services (education) are under-utilised
Newer outer suburbs (Butler, Aubin Grove) have higher proportion of younger families (pre-school/primary aged kids), poor services
Social problems stemming from high levels of unemployment, lack of community facilities are common
Socio-economic status - perth
Reflected in property values, architectural styles, housing quality
High socio-economic areas – favourable site/situation (proximity to river views – Nedlands, Crawley, Dalkeith; coastal views – Cottesloe, City Beach; City views – Kalamunda, Gooseberry Hill; proximity to CBD/major shopping centres)
High levels of owner-occupancy, professional backgrounds, higher educational qualification
Low socio-economic areas – Less favourable site/situation (proximity to industrial areas – Kwinana, Wanneroo, Belmont; greater distance from CBD – rural-urban fringe; further inland on coastal plain; subsidised government housing – Girrawheen, Coolbellup)
Higher levels of rental occupancy, higher unemployment, large number of low-income earners, low levels of tertiary education, dominance of blue-collar workers
Ethnicity - Perth
Race, birthplace and culture
Perth is classified as a cosmopolitan city – 59.6% born in Australia, 38.5% both parents born in Australia, 46.4% both parents born overseas
Proportions – 28.8% English, 23.1% Australian, 6.4% Irish; post WWII saw influx of migrants from Italy, Greece; 70s-80s South East Asia immigration; 90s South Africa and New Zealand
Government encouraging migration for China, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Indonesia to study – higher proportions of migrants in Bently (Curtin), Nedlands (UWA), Joodalup (ECU); accounts for the high degree of rental properties (60.4% rentals in Bentley)
Ethnic Clustering
Occurs to overcome language difficulties, gain sense of security, social contacts, access to special services etc.
Greek Community - Northbridge, North Perth – migrated during 30s-50s, set up first Greek Orthodox Churches; large proportion moved to Balcatta, Stirling – still large percentage of Greek heritage in the area
Italians – Fremantle
Croatians – Spearwood
Malaysian/Chinese - Winthrop
Vietnamese - Highgate
Nature of Congestion - Perth
Usually concerned with transport when there is so much traffic it stops/slows down the movement
Scope of Congestion - Perth
Major roads leading to Perth
most of the roads as they lead to the central node of Perth
Freeways
Cause of Congestion - Perth
Congestion is a major problem in Perth particularly travelling into the CBD (central node, all public transport leads into CBD)
Implications of Congestion - Perth
Pollution – photochemical smog
GHG emissions are 2-3 times more than those of European cities per capita
Wasted time, fuel, parking problems, traffic noise, stress (health)
Nature of Housing - Perth
Lack of housing diversity has led Perth to have a large extent of low density living
To accommodate the estimated 3.5 mill by 2050, 800 000 new homes will be constructed to accommodate
Scope of Housing Problems - Perth
78% detached dwellings, 12% semi-detached, 9% apartments
Cause of Housing Problems - Perth
Cultural perceptions – 4x2 houses, ¼ blocks, suburban living
Implications of lack of housing diversity - Perth
Desire for larger houses drive people into NGZ, RUF – lack of infrastructure
Nature of Urban Sprawl - Perth
The low-density outwards growth of urban areas into surrounding rural area of natural bushland
Scope of Urban Sprawl - Perth
Perth stretches from Mandurah & Yanchep (120km, covers 5300sq km)
Least sustainable of Australia’s 20 biggest cities
Cause of Urban Sprawl - Perth
Cultural desires – ¼ acre blocks
WA has largest average-size homes in the world – average 245sq m
78% of housing is in detached dwellings
Implications of Urban Sprawl - Perth
Car use dependency
Demand for new infrastructure and services
Encroachment into other land use zones
Nature of Transportation - Perth
Transport modes and patterns of locations of those modes show how the area functions and what land uses are important
Scope of Transport - Perth
CBD – higher proportion of footpaths, cycling paths, public transport
RUF – car dependency, less access to public transport, footpaths and cycling paths
Cause of Transport - Perth
Provision of footpaths/cycling paths where they are more likely to be utilised – connecting to retail hubs etc, around river, in CBD
Public transport where there is high demand – means those further out (Ellenbrook) miss out
Implications of Transport - Perth
Inequality of provision of services
Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Congestion (Perth)
Business owners – less time in traffic = higher productivity
Commuters – less stress, better mental health
Government – less expense; crashes, emissions,
Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Transportation (Perth)
- Direction 2031
- Cycling WA
- City of Perth – light rail, move towards sustainable modes of transport (not cars), pedestrial oriented, cycling city – improving bike paths etc, less parking, more expensive, better accessibility to train stations, more parking
- Local government
- City Link Perth – seamless public transport
Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Urban Sprawl (Perth)
Local Government – can utilise existing infrastructure
Residents – closer to services
Farmers – further expansion threatens farmland on RUF
Conservationists – ecosystems are protected from damage from expansion
