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Geography Unit 4 > Perth > Flashcards

Perth Flashcards

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1
Q

Site of Perth

A

General:
Shaped by the Swan River, Indian Ocean and Darling Escarpment
Extent:
Yanchep to Mandurah, west of the Darling Escarpment
Landforms:
Swan Coastal Plain
Gnangara Mound
Height:
0-60m above sea level
Drainage:
Swan and Canning River; drains from Darling Scarp and empties into the Indian Ocean

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2
Q

Situation of Perth

A

31°E 57°S
SW coast of Western Australia
CBD is 14 km west of the Darling Range
13 km inland from Indian Ocean
2716km from Adelaide – one of the most isolated cities in the world
Urban agglomeration/conurbation – merging with other settlements; Fremantle, Rockingham, Mandurah

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3
Q

Perth - CBD location

A

Original settlement on north bank of Swan River, east of Mt Eliza
Bordered by Esplanade, St. Georges Terrace, Wellington Street, Victoria Ave, and Milligan Street

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4
Q

Perth - CBD characteristics

A 
Compact zone
Retail heart of the city
Concentration of offices
Highest land values 
Most intensive land uses
High daytime population
Pedestrian dominated 
High residential activity
Dynamic zone
Centripetal processes: access to central locations, therefore high yielding activities exist in the CBD
Vertical zonation 
Horizontal zonation (St. George’s Terrace – banking and insurance)
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5
Q

Perth - IMZ location

A

Bordering CBD

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6
Q

Perth - IMZ characteristics

A

Evidence of agglomeration
Consists of older suburbs of East Perth, Northbridge, West Perth
-Invasion of IMZ – South Perth, Vic Park
Mixture of intensive land uses (industrial, residential)
Congested area of urban blight – mostly cleared
Redevelopment project
Invasion and succession
Gentrification – eg. Joe White Maltings Factories

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7
Q

Perth - Establish Residential location

A

Surrounds the IMZ

Mt Lawley, Subiaco, Nedlands

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8
Q

Perth - Established Residential characteristics

A

Residential functions dominate
Diverse mixture of housing and people
Ribbon commercial & retail development on main roads (Beaufort Street)
Remnant corner delis
Special purpose land uses dispersed throughout zone (Balcatta, Osborne – industrial, Mt. Lawley – educational

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9
Q

Perth - NGZ location

A

Kiara, Currambine, Darch, Brighton

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10
Q

Perth - NGZ characteristics

A

Low density housing; project housing
Rural-urban fringe (Wanneroo)
Large-scale real-estate development & land releases (Mindarie)
Land prices lower than established suburbs (except Hillarys, Mindari)
Much vacant land
Young families dominate
Poor provision of services
Planned commercial and retail precinct (Southlands, Whitford City)

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11
Q

Perth - Outer Business District location

A

Scattered through city

Located in accessible areas (transport nodes)

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12
Q

Perth - Outer Business District characteristics

A

Form hierarchy:

  • District zones (Cannington, Osborne Park)
  • Regional shopping centres (Garden City, Carousel)
  • District shopping centres (Cott, Claremont)
  • Community shopping centres (Dewson’s shopping centre, South Freo)
  • Neighbourhood shopping centres (Bateman village, Parry Ave, Bateman)
  • Corner stores (Freo)
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13
Q

Perth - Industrial Areas location

A

Established on planned industrial estates (Canningvale)

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14
Q

Perth - Industrial Areas characteristics

A

Complex processing industries tend to agglomerate on the edge of city (Kwinana; oil, bauxite, nickel refineries)
Fabricating industries focus on industrial suburbs (Welshpool, Kewdale)
High value added industries (jewellery, clothing – often close to the CBD) eg. King’s Street

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15
Q

Perth - RUF location

A

Quinns Rock, Port Kennedy, Baldivis

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16
Q

Perth - RUF characteristics

A

Dynamic region
Outer Growth Zone
Invasion, succession & urban shadow; elimination of rural functions in RUF – expansion of residential and industrial activities have encroached on farmland
Centrifugal and centripetal processes – largely product of both forces
Mixture of land uses (market gardening – Wanneroo, vineyards – Guildford, Industrial – Canningvale)
Extensive urban land uses (Caversham – wildlife park)
Undesirable land uses (prisons – Canningvale)
Isolated pockets of new residential developments (Ellenbrook, Jane Brook) & hobby farms
Incomplete and untidy blighted appearance

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17
Q

Perth - Special Purpose Areas location

A

Scattered in location

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18
Q

Perth - Special Purpose Areas characteristics

A

Diversity of activities

  • Education (UWA, Murdoch)
  • Research and technology (Bentley)
  • Medical institutions (PMH, KEMH)
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19
Q

External morphology perth - transport routes

A
  • Port at mouth of Swan River influenced original shape of city
  • Major roads (Albany, G. Eastern HWY) shape city
    o Linear extensional along those routes
  • Mitchell and Kwinana FWY – important for recent development
20
Q

External Morphology Perth - Functional Influences

A

Multifunctional
- Initial development – Perth as administrative centre and Freo as a port
- Attracted secondary and tertiary industries – further expansion (88% of WA population)
- Function as industrial centre = the establishment of industrial corridor expansion
o Located South of Freo to Rockingham – resulted in lower suburb development in the south, higher development in the north

21
Q

External Morphology Perth - cultural values

A

¼ acre block dream = large, sprawling city

  • Desire to own your own house
  • Sprawling city – spread over vast area
  • Low urban density = large spread & semi-sellate pattern; willingness to travel increased sprawl
  • High value on coastal and river lifestyle – accounts for the North-South elongation and high density housing near/along river
22
Q

Planning - Perth

A

Attempt to channel growth of the city in a particular way
- Involves State Government (Department of Planning and Infrastructure), local government
- 1829 – John Septimus Roe – grid pattern streets of CBD
- State Gov. Metropolitan regional planning:
o 1st – 1955 – Stephenson-Hepburn: restricting expansion, reserve areas for public open space
o 2nd – 1973 – Corridor Plan: results in visible on current external morphology

23
Q

Residential segregation

A

the tendency for population sub-groups to become concentrated in a particular area of the city
Distinct patterns can be identified on choropleths constructed from census data

24
Q

Age-Sex ratios - Perth

A

Reflects the age of the suburbs; older, inner suburbs (Nedlands, Claremont, Peppermint Grove) have a higher proportion of older & female residents (higher death-rate of males)
Strong social ties with others in the area, well provided for (services)
Aging population means some services (education) are under-utilised
Newer outer suburbs (Butler, Aubin Grove) have higher proportion of younger families (pre-school/primary aged kids), poor services
Social problems stemming from high levels of unemployment, lack of community facilities are common

25
Q

Socio-economic status - perth

A

Reflected in property values, architectural styles, housing quality
High socio-economic areas – favourable site/situation (proximity to river views – Nedlands, Crawley, Dalkeith; coastal views – Cottesloe, City Beach; City views – Kalamunda, Gooseberry Hill; proximity to CBD/major shopping centres)
High levels of owner-occupancy, professional backgrounds, higher educational qualification
Low socio-economic areas – Less favourable site/situation (proximity to industrial areas – Kwinana, Wanneroo, Belmont; greater distance from CBD – rural-urban fringe; further inland on coastal plain; subsidised government housing – Girrawheen, Coolbellup)
Higher levels of rental occupancy, higher unemployment, large number of low-income earners, low levels of tertiary education, dominance of blue-collar workers

26
Q

Ethnicity - Perth

A

Race, birthplace and culture
Perth is classified as a cosmopolitan city – 59.6% born in Australia, 38.5% both parents born in Australia, 46.4% both parents born overseas
Proportions – 28.8% English, 23.1% Australian, 6.4% Irish; post WWII saw influx of migrants from Italy, Greece; 70s-80s South East Asia immigration; 90s South Africa and New Zealand
Government encouraging migration for China, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Indonesia to study – higher proportions of migrants in Bently (Curtin), Nedlands (UWA), Joodalup (ECU); accounts for the high degree of rental properties (60.4% rentals in Bentley)
Ethnic Clustering
Occurs to overcome language difficulties, gain sense of security, social contacts, access to special services etc.
Greek Community - Northbridge, North Perth – migrated during 30s-50s, set up first Greek Orthodox Churches; large proportion moved to Balcatta, Stirling – still large percentage of Greek heritage in the area
Italians – Fremantle
Croatians – Spearwood
Malaysian/Chinese - Winthrop
Vietnamese - Highgate

27
Q

Nature of Congestion - Perth

A

Usually concerned with transport when there is so much traffic it stops/slows down the movement

28
Q

Scope of Congestion - Perth

A

Major roads leading to Perth
most of the roads as they lead to the central node of Perth
Freeways

29
Q

Cause of Congestion - Perth

A

Congestion is a major problem in Perth particularly travelling into the CBD (central node, all public transport leads into CBD)

30
Q

Implications of Congestion - Perth

A

Pollution – photochemical smog
GHG emissions are 2-3 times more than those of European cities per capita
Wasted time, fuel, parking problems, traffic noise, stress (health)

31
Q

Nature of Housing - Perth

A

Lack of housing diversity has led Perth to have a large extent of low density living
To accommodate the estimated 3.5 mill by 2050, 800 000 new homes will be constructed to accommodate

32
Q

Scope of Housing Problems - Perth

A

78% detached dwellings, 12% semi-detached, 9% apartments

33
Q

Cause of Housing Problems - Perth

A

Cultural perceptions – 4x2 houses, ¼ blocks, suburban living

34
Q

Implications of lack of housing diversity - Perth

A

Desire for larger houses drive people into NGZ, RUF – lack of infrastructure

35
Q

Nature of Urban Sprawl - Perth

A

The low-density outwards growth of urban areas into surrounding rural area of natural bushland

36
Q

Scope of Urban Sprawl - Perth

A

Perth stretches from Mandurah & Yanchep (120km, covers 5300sq km)
Least sustainable of Australia’s 20 biggest cities

37
Q

Cause of Urban Sprawl - Perth

A

Cultural desires – ¼ acre blocks
WA has largest average-size homes in the world – average 245sq m
78% of housing is in detached dwellings

38
Q

Implications of Urban Sprawl - Perth

A

Car use dependency
Demand for new infrastructure and services
Encroachment into other land use zones

39
Q

Nature of Transportation - Perth

A

Transport modes and patterns of locations of those modes show how the area functions and what land uses are important

40
Q

Scope of Transport - Perth

A

CBD – higher proportion of footpaths, cycling paths, public transport
RUF – car dependency, less access to public transport, footpaths and cycling paths

41
Q

Cause of Transport - Perth

A

Provision of footpaths/cycling paths where they are more likely to be utilised – connecting to retail hubs etc, around river, in CBD
Public transport where there is high demand – means those further out (Ellenbrook) miss out

42
Q

Implications of Transport - Perth

A

Inequality of provision of services

43
Q

Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Congestion (Perth)

A

Business owners – less time in traffic = higher productivity
Commuters – less stress, better mental health
Government – less expense; crashes, emissions,

44
Q

Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Transportation (Perth)

A
  • Direction 2031
  • Cycling WA
  • City of Perth – light rail, move towards sustainable modes of transport (not cars), pedestrial oriented, cycling city – improving bike paths etc, less parking, more expensive, better accessibility to train stations, more parking
  • Local government
  • City Link Perth – seamless public transport
45
Q

Views & Attitudes of Major Stakeholders - Urban Sprawl (Perth)

A

Local Government – can utilise existing infrastructure
Residents – closer to services
Farmers – further expansion threatens farmland on RUF
Conservationists – ecosystems are protected from damage from expansion

Geography Unit 4 (2 decks)

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