Overview of places and their challenges Flashcards
Define Urbanisation
The increasing proportion of a population living in urban areas of a country
Implications of Urbanisation
uncontrolled urbanisation can lead to a lack of infrastructure, housing and services
Economic and Environmental Interdependance of Urban and Rural Places
Economic
Rural places provide resources (fresh produce, grains, natural resources)
Urban areas provide a market for rurally produced goods; also provide infrastructure to process them
Urban places provide infrastructure, services – hospitals, schools,
Environmental
Semi-rural areas upstream of the Swan River – run off of fertilizer affects water quality in Perth
Mining occurring in rural areas can affect the air quality of urban areas
Spatial Distribution Pattern of Urban and Rural Places
- Australia’s average population density is 3 people per km2
- Majority of the population is concentrated in coastal regions along the southeast, east and southwest of the continent
- Eastern Australia contains the largest number of people spread across the largest area
- Eastern seaboard experiences relatively high population density - 50km moderate population densities between 200-400km inland, low densities in the Great Dividing Range
- Sydney displays the highest population density in Australia; 14000 people per km2
- Western Australia has a population over 2.5 million - 80% living in Perth
- Average population density of around 1 person per km2
- Maximum population density of 310 per km2 - within Perth
- Rest of WA population is 0.2 people per km2
- Extremely low population density within interior, north, northwest of Australia
- Extensive agriculture, remote mining and fishing activities, national parks, tourism
- Northern Territory contains 1% of Aus total population, average population density of 0.2 people per km2
- 60% of Northern Territory’s population live in Darwin; maximum of 2620 people per km2
Historical Factors - Spatial Distribution of Urban/Rural places
Urban
1778 – Commencement of European settlement
1000 people landed at Sydney Cove – following establishment, population gradually expanded
Capital cities based on original colonial capitals
Developed commercial trade-based economy – administrative, transport centre; commercial ports, manufacturing, industrial functioning
Settlement sites have arable land, fresh water, near a harbour
Rural
Development of intensive farming near water sources, arable soil – crop and livestock production
Remote areas settled for valuable resources
Early gold rushes: 1851 - Bathurst, Ballarat, Bendigo Creek
1850s – Kalgoorlie
1890 – Coolgardie
Discovery of gold increased immigrants – 370 000 immigrants in 1852
Large influx of Chinese, European people
Contributes to the spread and uneven pattern of settlement
Cultural Factors - Spatial Distribution of Urban/Rural places
1800 (prior to gold rushes) – British and Irish settlers dominated/influenced legal, civil and political systems
During the gold rushes – large influx of Chinese immigrants; stayed
Economic Factors - Spatial Distribution of Urban/Rural places
Remote areas settled for valuable resources
Early gold rushes: 1851 - Bathurst, Ballarat, Bendigo Creek
1850s – Kalgoorlie
1890 – Coolgardie
Discovery of gold increased immigrants – 370 000 immigrants in 1852
Large influx of Chinese people
Europeans (Italians, Greeks, Poles, Maltese, Russians, French) established and expanded wine industry
1842 – English and German settled Barossa Valley
Following gold rush – strategies implemented to reduce population loss, sustain economic growth
Focus on viable agricultural industries – cheap land, finance, transport networks established
Town systems formed linear patterns along railway lines
Environmental Factors - Spatial Distribution of Urban/Rural places
Cheap land following gold rush
Define Urban Sprawl
uncontrolled expansion of urban areas
Problems associated with urban sprawl
provision of infrastructure and services, encroachment, car centric/lack of public transport
Define Invasion and Succession
one land use function enters another land use zone; succession occurs when the invading function become the invading function becomes the dominant land use
Generally occurs in the transitional zones
Define Renewal
breathing new life into urban neighbourhoods; involves creating communities with new residential and commercial opportunities, public open spaces
Eg. Claisebrook, the Bronx
Define Planning
focuses on some of the major challenges facing society, including the population explosion
Define Inertia
a process that acts to limit change within an urban or rural area - land uses tend to remain in an area after the original advantages of locating there have declines/disappeared
Define Agglomeration
an extended city/town area comprising the built-up area of a city and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area – the grouping together of different/related land use functions that benefit from each other’s operations/shared infrastructure
