Perspectives On Nature And Nurture Flashcards
Focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people
Human Development
Concept of human development as lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically
Life-span Development
Views development as lifelong, multidimensional,multidirectional,plastic,multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
Life-span Perspective
Domains of Development
- Physical Development
- Cognitive Development
- Psychosocial Development
growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health
Physical Development
learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
Cognitive Development
emotions, personality, and social relationships
Psychosocial Development
a concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society
Social Construction
which involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persists through life or change
Stability-ChangeIssue
focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages
Continuity-Discontinuity
physical changes; quantitative
Growth
transitional state that tells a person is fully functional
Maturation
the unfolding of natural sequence of physical change and behavior patterns
Maturation
functional changes; progressive
Development
it encompasses physical, mental, and social aspects
Development
how a person adapts to the environment
Learning
scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for
differences in their traits
Behavioral Genetic
proportion of all the variability in the trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals
Heritability
studied the heredity in plants
Gregor Mendel
involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the
trait is heritable
Selective Breeding
Genes contribute to such attributes as activity
level, emotionality, aggressiveness, and sex drive
in rats mice, and chickens
Selective Breeding
Research methods in factors of heredity and environment
- Twin Studies
- Adoption Studies
- Family Studies
the percentage of pairs of
people studied in which if one member of a pair
displays the trait, the other does too
Concordance Rate
wide range of possibility that it might exhibit differently
Reaction Range
limited possible changes of changing (fixed) e.g., motor and language development
Canalized Range
Genes turn on and off in patterned ways throughout the lifespan
Epigenetics
the effects of genes depend on what kind of environment we experiences, and how we respond to the environment depends on what genes we gave
Gene-Environment Interaction
Intelligenceisstronglyinfluencedby _______.
Heredity
Intelligenceisstronglyinfluencedby heredity. However, it is also affected by ____, _____, ____, ____
- parental stimulation
-education
-peer influence
-others
3 factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality:
- Genes
- Shared Environmental Influences
- Non-shared environmental Influences
common
experiences that work to make them similar (e.g.,
parenting style)
Shared Environmental Influences
unique
experiences to the individual – those who are not shared with the other members of the family (e.g., parental favoritism)
Nonshared Environmental Influences
3 kinds of Gene-Environment Correlations
- Passive Gene-Environment
- Evocative Gene-Environment
- Active Gene-Environment
parent provide for their children is influenced partly by the parents’ genotypes
Passive Gene-Environment
child’s genotype evokes certain kind of reactions from other people ; Genetic makeup may affect the reactions of other people to a child and, hence, the kind of social environment that the child will experience
Evocative Gene-Environment
children’s genotype
influence the kinds of environment they seek
Active Gene-Environment
consists of inborn traits and characteristics provided by the child’s parents
Heredity
influences stems from the outside body, starting from conception throughout life
Environment
people differ in gender,
height, weight, and body build; in health and energy
level, etc.
Individual Differences
consists of inborn traits provided by the
parents
Heredity
Nuclear and Extended Family
Family
ContextofDevelopment:
- Family
- Socioeconomic Status
3.Culture
4.Gender - History
combination of economic
and social factors describing an individual or family,
including income, education, and occupation
Socioeconomic Status
society’s or group’s total way of life
Culture
overgeneralization that obscures or blurs variations
Ethnic Gloss
identifiable biological category, is more accurately defined social construct
Race
biological or environmental
events that affect many or most people in a society in a similar ways and events that touch only certain individuals
Normative Influences
group of people who experience the event at a formative time in their lives
Historical Generation
2 Kinds of Normative Influences
- Normative Age-Graded Influences
- Normative History-Graded Influences
group of people born at about the same time
Age Cohort
unusual events that have major impact on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle
Nonnormative
instinctively follow the first moving object they see
Imprinting
specific time when a given event, or its absence, has a specific impact on development
Critical Period
when developing person is
especially responsive to certain kind of experience
Sensitive Periods
modifiability of performance
Plasticity
set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions
Theory
explanations or predications that can be tested by further research
Hypothesis
Tabula Rasa
John Locke
people are like machines that react to environmental input (reactive)
MechanisticModel
children are born “noble
savages” who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society
Jean Jacques Rousseau
people as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion; initiate events, and do not just react (active)
Organismic Model
gradual and incremental
Continuou
abrupt or uneven
Discontinuous
change in number or
amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size
Quantitative Change
emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of the past basic functioning
Qualitative Change
emphasized the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior
Evolutionary Psychology
genes
Nativist Perspective
environment
Empiricist Perspective
all children acquire language in
the same way
Noam Chomsky
