Perspectives On Nature And Nurture

Question 1

Focuses on the scientific study of the systematic processes of change and stability in people

Answer 1

Human Development

Question 2

Concept of human development as lifelong process, which can be studied scientifically

Answer 2

Life-span Development

Question 3

Views development as lifelong, multidimensional,multidirectional,plastic,multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

Answer 3

Life-span Perspective

Question 4

Domains of Development

Answer 4

• Physical Development
• Cognitive Development
• Psychosocial Development

Question 5

growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health

Answer 5

Physical Development

Question 6

learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Answer 6

Cognitive Development

Question 7

emotions, personality, and social relationships

Answer 7

Psychosocial Development

Question 8

a concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society

Answer 8

Social Construction

Question 9

which involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persists through life or change

Answer 9

Stability-ChangeIssue

Question 10

focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

Answer 10

Continuity-Discontinuity

Question 11

physical changes; quantitative

Answer 11

Growth

Question 12

transitional state that tells a person is fully functional

Answer 12

Maturation

Question 13

the unfolding of natural sequence of physical change and behavior patterns

Answer 13

Maturation

Question 14

functional changes; progressive

Answer 14

Development

Question 15

it encompasses physical, mental, and social aspects

Answer 15

Development

Question 16

how a person adapts to the environment

Answer 16

Learning

Question 17

scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for
differences in their traits

Answer 17

Behavioral Genetic

Question 18

proportion of all the variability in the trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals

Answer 18

Heritability

Question 19

studied the heredity in plants

Answer 19

Gregor Mendel

Question 20

involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait to determine whether the
trait is heritable

Answer 20

Selective Breeding

Question 21

Genes contribute to such attributes as activity
level, emotionality, aggressiveness, and sex drive
in rats mice, and chickens

Answer 21

Selective Breeding

Question 22

Research methods in factors of heredity and environment

Answer 22

1. Twin Studies
2. Adoption Studies
3. Family Studies

Question 23

the percentage of pairs of
people studied in which if one member of a pair
displays the trait, the other does too

Answer 23

Concordance Rate

Question 24

wide range of possibility that it might exhibit differently

Answer 24

Reaction Range

Question 25

limited possible changes of changing (fixed) e.g., motor and language development

Answer 25

Canalized Range

Question 26

Genes turn on and off in patterned ways throughout the lifespan

Answer 26

Epigenetics

Question 27

the effects of genes depend on what kind of environment we experiences, and how we respond to the environment depends on what genes we gave

Answer 27

Gene-Environment Interaction

Question 28

Intelligenceisstronglyinfluencedby _______.

Answer 28

Heredity

Question 29

Intelligenceisstronglyinfluencedby heredity. However, it is also affected by ____, _____, ____, ____

Answer 29

- parental stimulation -education -peer influence -others

Question 30

3 factors that contribute to individual differences in emotionality:

Answer 30

1. Genes 2. Shared Environmental Influences 3. Non-shared environmental Influences

Question 31

common experiences that work to make them similar (e.g., parenting style)

Answer 31

Shared Environmental Influences

Question 32

unique experiences to the individual – those who are not shared with the other members of the family (e.g., parental favoritism)

Answer 32

Nonshared Environmental Influences

Question 33

3 kinds of Gene-Environment Correlations

Answer 33

1. Passive Gene-Environment 2. Evocative Gene-Environment 3. Active Gene-Environment

Question 34

parent provide for their children is influenced partly by the parents’ genotypes

Answer 34

Passive Gene-Environment

Question 35

child’s genotype evokes certain kind of reactions from other people ; Genetic makeup may affect the reactions of other people to a child and, hence, the kind of social environment that the child will experience

Answer 35

Evocative Gene-Environment

Question 36

children’s genotype influence the kinds of environment they seek

Answer 36

Active Gene-Environment

Question 37

consists of inborn traits and characteristics provided by the child’s parents

Answer 37

Heredity

Question 38

influences stems from the outside body, starting from conception throughout life

Answer 38

Environment

Question 39

people differ in gender, height, weight, and body build; in health and energy level, etc.

Answer 39

Individual Differences

Question 40

consists of inborn traits provided by the parents

Answer 40

Heredity

Question 41

Nuclear and Extended Family

Answer 41

Family

Question 41

ContextofDevelopment:

Answer 41

1. Family 2. Socioeconomic Status 3.Culture 4.Gender 5. History

Question 42

combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation

Answer 42

Socioeconomic Status

Question 43

society’s or group’s total way of life

Answer 43

Culture

Question 44

overgeneralization that obscures or blurs variations

Answer 44

Ethnic Gloss

Question 45

identifiable biological category, is more accurately defined social construct

Answer 45

Race

Question 46

biological or environmental events that affect many or most people in a society in a similar ways and events that touch only certain individuals

Answer 46

Normative Influences

Question 47

group of people who experience the event at a formative time in their lives

Answer 47

Historical Generation

Question 48

2 Kinds of Normative Influences

Answer 48

1. Normative Age-Graded Influences 2. Normative History-Graded Influences

Question 49

group of people born at about the same time

Answer 49

Age Cohort

Question 50

unusual events that have major impact on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle

Answer 50

Nonnormative

Question 51

instinctively follow the first moving object they see

Answer 51

Imprinting

Question 52

specific time when a given event, or its absence, has a specific impact on development

Answer 52

Critical Period

Question 53

when developing person is especially responsive to certain kind of experience

Answer 53

Sensitive Periods

Question 54

modifiability of performance

Answer 54

Plasticity

Question 55

set of logically related concepts or statements that seek to describe and explain development and to predict the kinds of behavior that might occur under certain conditions

Answer 55

Theory

Question 56

explanations or predications that can be tested by further research

Answer 56

Hypothesis

Question 57

Tabula Rasa

Answer 57

John Locke

Question 58

people are like machines that react to environmental input (reactive)

Answer 58

MechanisticModel

Question 59

children are born “noble savages” who develop according to their own positive natural tendencies if not corrupted by society

Answer 59

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 60

people as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion; initiate events, and do not just react (active)

Answer 60

Organismic Model

Question 61

gradual and incremental

Answer 61

Continuou

Question 62

abrupt or uneven

Answer 62

Discontinuous

Question 63

change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size

Answer 63

Quantitative Change

Question 64

emergence of new phenomena that could not be easily predicted on the basis of the past basic functioning

Answer 64

Qualitative Change

Question 65

emphasized the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

Answer 65

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 66

genes

Answer 66

Nativist Perspective

Question 67

environment

Answer 67

Empiricist Perspective

Question 68

all children acquire language in the same way

Answer 68

Noam Chomsky