Perspectives of Development

Question 1

What is participatory development?

Answer 1

A process through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, and over the decisions and resources that affect themselves.

Question 2

What is the definition of Neo-Colonialism?

Answer 2

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies.

Question 3

What do supporters of the Development Theory believe should happen to move LIC countries forward?

Answer 3

• Local communities and traditions in local identities to address their own problems
• Argue the case of degrowth
• The end of free trade zones

Question 4

What is the key difference between modernisation theory and neoliberalism theory?

Answer 4

The shift from government control to the domination of large companies.

Question 5

What are the criticisms of Neoliberalism?

Answer 5

• Argued that it advocates the use of free markets in areas, such as health and education is misplaced
• The growth of financial flows have not benefited the economy of LICs, instead has contributed towards financial instability, which has caused wider economic shocks
• Neoliberal policies have led to inequality of both wealth and income in the western world
• The policies are criticised as being a ‘one size fits all’ policy. What works well in one place may not work in another

Question 6

What are the main changes caused to an economy due to neoliberalism?

Answer 6

• Reduced role of the public sector
• Reduced government investment in psychical infrastructure. Shift on emphasis on health and education
• Reduction in protection strategies such as tariffs subsidies and quotas. This led to increase in distorted prices.

Question 7

Define Hegemony

Answer 7

Dominance or leadership of one state or social group over others

Question 8

What do supporters of Post Development theory argue?

Answer 8

• Middle class western lifestyle is often unrealistic and undesirable to the majority of the world’s population.
• Culture is always lost when development occurs.
• Grassroots and participatory development are more positive but still have a Western Agenda.
• Aid is ‘cultural imperialism’ which promotes unequal relationships between countries.

Question 9

What are the positives of Participatory Development?

Answer 9

• Develops self worth and self esteem
• Community is able to have a greater say
• Leads to change in individuals and communities
• Opportunity to contribute a view for people usually not listened to
• Able to make own decisions on what they think is best

Question 10

What are the negatives of Participatory Development?

Answer 10

Women not allowed to participate in mixed gender groups

Some people choose to participate and some don’t

Sometimes communities don’t know what they really need

Some people have stronger voices than others

Small scale impact

Question 11

Define sustainable development

Answer 11

A way of improving people’s standard of living and quality of life without wasting resources or harming the environment

Question 12

What are the criticisms of the Sustainbale Development Goals?

Answer 12

• Vague
• Too many goals
• Difficult to achieve ‘harmony with nature’
• Not legally binding

Question 13

What are the two case-studies that link to Participatory Development?

Answer 13

Transition Towns (e.g. Totnes) and Solar Mamas

Question 14

What are the three arms of Sustainable Development?

Answer 14

Social, Economic, Environmental

Question 15

What is the case study used to show Post Development Theory in practice?

Answer 15

• Buen Vivir - A philosophy inspired movement in South America - Ecuador
• Translates to ‘Good living’
• Harmony between human beings and nature
• Community centric, ecologically balanced, culturally-balanced

Question 16

What are the characteristics of Neoliberalism?

Answer 16

• Market-led
• Globalisation
• Reduction in the role of the state; privatisation, reduction of tariffs

Question 17

What is the Paris climate change agreement and when was it agreed?

Answer 17

an agreement in 2015 to encourage countries to think of the world over their own nation. They aimed to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius.

Question 18

What is the definition of privatisation?

Answer 18

The transfer of business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control.

Question 19

What are the two types of Sustainable Development?

Answer 19

Technocentric / Light green–

not involving radical changes. Small changes to current economic and political systems. E.g. improving industrial practices or promotion of renewable energy

Ecocentric / Dark green

Start with the premise that the Earth is more important than economic growth. Call for shifts in economic and political structures.

Would involve a reduction in consumption. ‘We need to downsize’

Environmental resources to be protected at the expense of economic development

Question 20

what have Ben and Jerry’s done to make the company more sustainable?

Answer 20

Economically - increase value for stakeholders and expanding career opportunities

Environmentally - natural ingredients, sustainable packaging, fair trade products, caring dairies, selective breeding cows to reduce methane

Socially - fair prices for all parts of productions, initiate new ways to improve quality of life on a local, national and international scale

Question 21

Describe the stages of Rostow’s Model (which links to Modernisation)

Answer 21

Question 22

What is a criticism of both Modernisation and Neoliberlism?

Answer 22

They are both policies which assume that ‘one size fits all’.

They do not consider the differences that exist between countries

Question 23

Define Modernisation Theory

Answer 23

A development theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically if they change traditional ways and adopt modern ways

They need to adopt modern economic ideas, technologies, and cultural values to become productive

Question 24

What are the criticisms of Modernisation Theory?

Answer 24

• Development indicators show that the theory has not worked
• Based upon belief that what had worked well in the ‘North’ through the Marshall Plan could work in the ‘South’
• Lack of input from people in ‘South’
• Serious social and environmental impacts
• Funding for modernisation reliant on aid and borrowing. This lead to following issues. Growing awareness of constraints and effectiveness of aid
• Countries that had borrowed heavily became heavily indebted