Personlighetspsykologi

Question 1

Mediator

Answer 1

Transfers an effect

Question 2

Moderator

Answer 2

Attenuates or amplifies an effect

Question 3

Classic Trait Perspective

Answer 3

The true personality shows itself as a mean average of behavior over different situations, the rest is just a matter of random measurement errors.

Question 4

CAPS model

Answer 4

Cognitive Affective Personality System.

Encodings
Expectancies and beliefs
Affects
Goals and Values

The variation in states is not a matter of random errors in measuring, but rather reflects a systematic variance.

The behavior in two identical situations would prove to be rather the same.
“If… then…”

Question 5

CAPS model

Answer 5

Cognitive Affective Personality System.

Encodings
Expectancies and beliefs
Affects
Goals and Values
Competencies and Self-regulatory plans

The variation in states is not a matter of random errors in measuring, but rather reflects a systematic variance.

The behavior in two identical situations would prove to be rather the same.
“If… then…”

Question 6

Heritability

Answer 6

Phenotypical variances that can be deduced to genotypical variances.

Question 7

Genome-wide association study GWAS

Answer 7

Mix of molecular genetics and chemical agnostic heritability studies.

Question 8

Personality

Answer 8

The distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a person’s responses to life situations.

Question 9

Object relations theory

Answer 9

The representation of themselves and others as a result of early childhood experiences with caregivers.

Question 10

Phenomenology

Answer 10

The focus on the immediate and present experiences instead of past ones.

Question 11

Personal constructs

Answer 11

cognitive categories in which they sort people and events in their lives

Question 12

Self-consistency

Answer 12

An absence of conflicts among self-perceptions

Question 13

Congruence

Answer 13

A consistency between self-perceptions and experience.

Question 14

Self-concept

Answer 14

A set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.

Question 15

Need for positive regard

Answer 15

Need of love, sympathy and acceptance from others.

Question 16

Self-verification

Answer 16

The need to confirm the self-concept.

Question 17

Self-enhancement

Answer 17

A strong and pervasive tendency to gain and preserve a positive self-image.

Question 18

Personality traits

Answer 18

Relatively stable cognitive emotional and behavioral characteristics that distinguish a person from others and helps establish their individual identities.

Question 19

Lexical approach

Answer 19

Propose traits on the basis of daily discourse or words in preexisiting personality theories.

Question 20

Factor analysis

Answer 20

To identify clusters of behaviors that strongly correlate, but not with with behaviors from other clusters.

Question 21

Big five (OCEAN)

Answer 21

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism)

The most well established model of personality factors. Captures universal traits in humans.

Question 22

Fixed mindset

Answer 22

Believing that talents are innate gifts. They cannot be influenced or changed.

Question 23

Growth mindset

Answer 23

Talents can be developed through good strategies, hard work and valuable input from others.

Question 24

SNP - Single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 24

A nucleotide that varies between people.

Question 25

Self-monitoring

Answer 25

Attention to cues in the situation that indicate what behavior is appropriate. This affects how we act in a situation, if we are attentive or not.

Question 26

Trait theory

Answer 26

Identifying and measuring the basic dimensions of personality. Traits interact among themselves and situations.

Question 27

3 Components of variation in personality

Answer 27

1. Variation attributable to genetic factors. 2. Variation attributale to shared environment. 3. Variation attributable to unique experiences in unshared environments.

Question 28

Eysenck's extraversion-stability model

Answer 28

All personalities are derived from a person's extraversion level and their stability/instability emotionally speaking. Extraverts are neurologically underaroused. Opposite for introverts. Stability-instability represents how fast a shift in arousal occurs.

Question 29

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 29

A person, her behavior and her environment all interact in a mutually causative manner.

Question 30

Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, and Locus of Control.

Answer 30

How we act depends on these three factors. Expectancy - Our perception of how likely it is that consequences will come from acting in a certain way in a specific situation. Reinforcement value: How me value or dread the outcome that we expect will come from our behavior. Internal/External Locus of Control: An expectancy concerning our self-control abilites. Also known as a generalized expectancy as it spreads over different domains in life. Internal: We have a big influence on the outcomes in our life. External: We have a small influence on the outcomes in our life.

Question 31

Self-Efficacy

Answer 31

The belief in our ability to perform the necessary behaviors to reach a desired outcome.

Question 32

Verbal persuasion

Answer 32

The messages we get from others regarding our abilites increase our self-efficacy or lower them.

Question 33

CAPS(again)

Answer 33

An organized system of five variables that interact continously with one another and the environment, generating a distinctive pattern of behavior that characterize the person.

Question 34

Behavioral signatures (Situation-by-behavior patterns)

Answer 34

Consistent ways of responding in particular classes of situations.

Question 35

Gender-schemas

Answer 35

Internal mental frameworks for what charactherizes a gender and what is expected of a specific gender.

Question 36

NEO-PI

Answer 36

Measures the Big Five factors.

Question 37

Projective Tests

Answer 37

Used to measure unconscious processes. Presenting subjects with ambiguous stimulus.

Question 38

Collective unconscious

Answer 38

The part of our unconscious which we all share due to ancestral memory.

Question 39

Conditions of worth

Answer 39

Rules that govern values, beliefs and behavior.

Question 40

Self-enhancement

Answer 40

The tendency to attribute positive qualities to ourselves and take credit for personal successes regardless of whether these beliefs are accurate or not.

Question 41

Sociogenomic model

Answer 41

States are made up of constituent components such as thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Traits are made up of the states being relatively enduring and thus generate future states aswell. Traits are the pattern of these states.