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Personality theories Flashcards

1
Q

IDs can refer to 2 things: IDs…

A

Among people or within a person from time to time

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2
Q

In many areas of psychology IDs are treated as a source of ___ e.g. ___-___ variance in ANOVAs. Therefore, experimental designs…

A

Error. Between-groups. Control for key ways in which individuals differ e.g. IQ or gender and/or randomly allocate Pps to groups

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3
Q

Give 3 reasons why we should study IDs

A

1) For scientific interest, 2) for practical applications e.g. selection, job design around people’s personalities, vulnerability or diagnosis of mental illness & 3) real world consequences in terms of government policy e.g. should taxes be spent on the most or least able in education?

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4
Q

If given an essay Q in personality, don’t write about ___

A

Intelligence

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5
Q

According to Galen, what are the 4 temperaments which when blended in a balanced way form the optimal temperament?

A

1) melancholic, 2) choleric (anger), 3) phlegmatic (calmness), 4) sanguine (optimism & confidence)

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6
Q

Define personality. What is the advantage of this definition?

A

The dynamic organisation inside a person of psychophysical systems which creates that person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings. It recognises that personality factors should have biological substrates

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7
Q

In relation to personality, how does the idiographic approach differ from the nomothetic approach in terms of assumptions, methods & suitability?

A

The I approach assumes that there are aspects of an individual’s personality which are unique to that individual. Case studies & in depth interviews are used. It is appropriate for rare conditions. The N approach assumes that a small no. of universal traits exist

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8
Q

Name 4 overarching types of personality theory

A

1) statistically-based theories, 2) psycho-dynamic theories, 3) behaviouristic approaches, 4) cognitive approaches

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9
Q

What 3 things do personality theories assume in regard to traits? What are traits?

A

That traits are stable, normally distributed & vary continuously between individuals rather than involving sharp distinctions between “personality types”. Predispositions (which people possess) to respond to situations in particular ways

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10
Q

Name 3 features of the consensus view of personality theory

A

1) Traits are the building blocks of personality, 2) behaviour & traits can be organised into hierarchies, 3) traits are causal, not just descriptive as indicated by their biological basis

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11
Q

By what/ whom (4 factors) was Eysenck influenced by? What was his theory called?

A

1) The development of FA, 2) European typologists e.g. Jung, 3) Heritability research by Burt, 4) Classical conditioning research by Pavlov & American learning theory by Hull. Trait-type, factor-analytic theory

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12
Q

What 4 key scientific standards was Eysenck (HJE) keen on?

A

1) adequate trait measures, 2) a disprovable (falsifiable) theory, 3) establishing biological foundations for each trait, 4) avoiding circularity e.g. X talks a lot, therefore is an extrovert & therefore talks a lot

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13
Q

In the middle circle of Eysenck’s 2 factor theory we can place the 4 temperament types which are…

A

Sanguine, choleric, melancholic & phlegmatic

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14
Q

People high on psychoticism e.g. male undergrads tend to be…

A

Solitary, insensitive, uncaring & opposed to accepting social custom

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15
Q

Give 2 pieces of evidence in favour of a 3 factor model

A

1) 3 factors can be extracted from questionnaire data across different cultures
2) there is an inherited component of each of the 3 factors

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16
Q

Name the 2 Eysenck personality questionnaires. What is the difference between the two? What type of responses are required for the Qs?

A

Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). 2 vs. 3 factors. Yes/ no responses

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17
Q

If an introvert vs. extrovert left college, what would be the likely reason?

A

Introvert: psychiatric reason
Extrovert: academic reason

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18
Q

Name 3 research findings about introverts vs. extroverts

A

1) introverts become fatigued more easily
2) introverts are more sensitive to pain
3) excitement interferes with introverts’ performance more

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19
Q

Introverts show a greater ____ response to noise

A

Physiological

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20
Q

How did Eysenck believe psychiatric or personality disorders should be treated?

A

Using behavioural therapy based on learning theory

21
Q

High neuroticism is associated with neurotic disorders such as ___, ___ ___ & pain sensitivity

A

Phobias, reactive depression

22
Q

I-E refers to levels of ___, ___ vs. ____ & the tendency to avoid vs. seek ___

A

Sociability. Impulsiveness vs. reflectiveness. Stimulation

23
Q

According to Cattell, there are 3 major stable elements of personality. These are…traits

A

1) ability traits: skills which facilitate effective functioning e.g. IQ
2) temperament traits: the nature of a person’s emotional life & stylistic quality of behaviour e.g. work slowly
3) dynamic traits: the nature of a person’s motivational life: what type of goals are important to you?

24
Q

Distinguish between surface and source traits (as Cattell did)

A

Surface traits express (give rise to) behaviours which on a superficial level appear to be similar & vary together but do not necessarily follow a common course & have a common cause. Source traits express behaviours which are associated, do vary together and form a unitary, independent personality dimension

25
Q

How are surface vs. source traits discovered i.e. at what level of observation?

A

Surface traits are discovered through subjective methods e.g. asking Pp which personality traits go together. Source traits are discovered through factor analysis of real reports of the co-occurrence of traits e.g. in questionnaire data

26
Q

Name 3 sources of data for a personality FA (as used by Cattell). A reliable FA should report the existence of the same factors in each of the 3 data sources

A

1) Life record data (L-data): behaviour ratings or counts made in everyday situations e.g. at school, 2) Questionnaire data (Q-data), 3) Objective test data (O-data): miniature behavioural situations in which Pps are unaware that their responses are being used to measure a trait

27
Q

Name 4 of Cattell’s 16 personality dimensions

A

Reserved to outgoing, less intelligent to more intelligent, stable to emotional, humble to assertive, tough- to tender-mindedness, trusting to suspicious, relaxed to tense etc

28
Q

Cattell’s 16 factors have high ___ validity

A

Face

29
Q

Cattell contrasted 3 types of research method. What were they? Which is used most in personality research & what is its disadvantage? Which is the least scientific & why? Which is the most simplistic & why?

A

Bivariate, clinical & multivariate. Multivariate e.g. FA - it requires a large sample size. Clinical because intuition is used to analyse the natural effects of life experience as a manipulator. Bivariate because few Vs are examined e.g. using an ANOVA

30
Q

Name 5 pieces of evidence in favour of Cattell

A

Similar results from 1) different types of data, 2) different cultures & 3) different age groups. 4) It has been useful in reliably predicting behaviour in natural environments e.g. academic performance. 5) Genetic components of traits

31
Q

According to Cattell, a person’s behaviour depends on their personality, ___, ___ & ___. The theory does not advise any particular type of ____. The theory has generated the most ___

A

State, motivation & role. Treatment. Research

32
Q

In the business world & in military recruitment the MBTI is widely used. What does this stand for? Who is it based on? ___ claimed that people vary along 3 dimensions and that the 1st is ___-___ which was defined as whether psychic energy is directed…or…

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Carl Jung. Intraversion-extraversion. Inwards towards the unconscious (introversion) or outwards towards the world (extraversion)

33
Q

Extroverts prefer ___ learning styles e.g. ___ ___, whereas introverts prefer ___ learning styles e.g. ___

A

Active. Peer teaching. Reflective. Lectures

34
Q

The MBTI sells itself on the idea that managers and workers will work better…. It is particularly useful for people who would not normally…

A

As a team if they understand their own vs. others’ personality types. They will work together in a more complementary rather than combative style with those who differ from them. Consider others’ personalities

35
Q

The MBTI is usually used to give distinct personality ___ in line with Jung’s theory but can also give scores on trait continuums

A

Categories

36
Q

The MBTI has ___ dichotomies or overarching scales. I-E is the only ___ scale. The other three (…) are unstable because they can theoretically change with age. The I-E dichotomy refers to “where we get our energy: from action vs. quiet time?”. What do the other 4 dichotomies refer to?

A
  1. Stable. How we take in info? Sensing vs. intuition. How do we make decisions? Thinking vs. feeling. How do we organise our world? Judging vs. perceiving
37
Q

There are 2 squares in MBPI results: one for extroverts and one for introverts. How are the 4 axes labelled?

A

2 X axes: sensation (facts) & intuition (possibilities). 2 Y axes: thinking (logic) & feeling (emotion).

38
Q

On the basis of what we have already said about the MBTI what are the original 2 and added 3rd personalities dimensions?

A

1) thinking-feeling (decision), 2) sensation-intuition (perceiving), 3) judging type (thinking-feeling) for Es and Is

39
Q

Costa & McCrae (19_5) proposed the currently accepted academic view of personality: the five-factor model

A

8

40
Q

Give some e.g. traits of the Big Five

A

E: seek novelty & excitement, N: prone to stress & negative emotions, C: self-directed, organised & controlling, A: trusting, empathetic, compliant & slow to anger, O: creative, imaginative, eccentric

41
Q

On the NEO-PIR Pps are asked to rate how characteristic statement x is of themselves on a ___-point scale

A

5

42
Q

Give 3 uses of the NEO-PIR which lend support to the Big Five model beyond its 1) construct validity, 2) external validity & 3) genetic components.

A

4) Its use in diagnosing personality disorders e.g. compulsive personality disorder (high on C) & antisocial personality disorder (low on A), 5) guidance to vocational interests I.e. careers advice & 6) guidance on treatment suitability e.g. high O = explore fantasies or exposing a mismatch between the actual & perceived personality of spouse in marriage counselling

43
Q

Do the Big Five suggest therapies or explanations for psychological disorders? Were the Big Five developed with a biological basis like Eysenck’s personality dimensions?

A

No. No

44
Q

Name the lecturer’s 3 shocking strengths of trait theories in general

A

1) active research effort, 2) interesting H1s, 3) biological ties (important not to violate known biological facts)

45
Q

Name 3 of the lecturer’s shocking limitations of trait theory

A

1) The subjectivity of FA (overcome by confirmatory?), 2) Problems with the trait concept: defining it & circularity of explanation & 3) Neglected areas: a) How are traits organised? Why are they orthogonal if so? Is personality a random collection of traits? b) Personality change (except Eysenck)

46
Q

What are the 2 aspects of the person-situation controversy (Mischel, 2005)? What is the conclusion of this controversy?

A

Trait theories assume 1) longitudinal stability: traits are stable over time & 2) cross-situational stability: traits are stable across situations. These assumptions hold unless the same person’s behaviour is compared in 2 very different situations or at 2 very different time points

47
Q

Psychiatric disorders may reflect…

A

People falling at the extremes ends of normal personality dimensions e.g. schizotypy

48
Q

Name the 4 levels in Allport’s hierarchical trait theory from specific to broad concepts

A

Specific responses, habits, traits, types

IDs (13 decks)

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