Intelligence Flashcards
Give 2 ways in which we might define intelligence
1) Intelligent acts e.g. designing a new computer, 2) Mental processes which give rise to intelligent acts e.g. WM & speed of processing
Today intelligence is believed by the influential to have 3 components: the ability to…
1) reason logically, 2) solve novel problems & 3) learn new info
Describe the problem of circularity in defining intelligence
The tendency to define intelligence as the behaviours measured by IQ tests!
How do we calculate a person’s intelligence quotient?
(mental age/chronological age) x 100
96% of all Pp fall within __ SDs (30 points) of the mean (100) & 68% of Pp fall within __ SD (15 points) of the mean (100)
1, 2
What is the most commonly used IQ test? When was it created? What are its two components?
Wechsler’s WAIS (WISC for children) test which was constructed before the structure of abilities was investigated but is constantly being updated. Verbal & performance (non-verbal) tests
Name the 5 components of the verbal part of the WAIS. If you only have time for one, which gives you the best indicator of verbal ability?
1) information, 2) arithmetic (if 20 men took 2 years to…?), 3) comprehension, 4) similarities (what is similar about…?), 5) vocabulary. Vocabulary
Give the 3 non-verbal/performance tests used in the WAIS
1) Digit symbol (fill in the correct digit for each symbol from e.g.s = easy = tests speed), 2) Picture completion (what is missing in the picture?) & 3) Block design (create the shown pattern from blocks)
Why is the performance part of the WAIS better?
Because performance on it is less likely to be affected by social background or education
Name the 4 scales used in the current WAIS IV
verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning & processing speed
Name 3 new WAIS IV example question types
1) visual puzzles (which 3 go together to form pattern x?), 2) figure weights (what must be added to balance the weights?), 3) cancellation (draw a line through every red square & yellow triangle)
Name the 4 areas in which Piaget (1952) believed IQ could be defined
1) biological approaches, 2) stage theories, 3) knowledge acquisition & 4) intellectual competence
Competence is defined as the highest stage of cognitive development - what is this stage & the 3 preceding stages called? Does age define competence?
1) Sensorimotor, 2) Preoperational, 3) Concrete operational & 4) Formal operational. No, the stages do (though the stages are associated with likely age ranges)
Name 2 aims of the psychometric approach to IQ
1) To establish the basic structure of abilities & 2) to understand the biological/ social/ cognitive factors which cause IDs in these abilities
What did 1) Binet & 2) Spearman do in 1904?
1) developed a test to identify learning difficulties & 2) used children’s test data to argue for g (general intelligence)
If g exists and I find that there is a correlation between performance on parts A & B + C & D of an IQ test, then I would find that…
The product of r(ab) & r(cd) would roughly equal the product of r(ac) & r(bd)
What is the tetrad difference? What does it show?
The difference between e.g. the product of r(ab) & r(cd) and the product of r(ac) & r(bd). The larger the tetrad difference, the weaker the evidence for g
A small tetrad difference indicates…
a high loading of each test component onto g
Thurstone (1941) used a particular FA which…He found __ __ factors which provided evidence for…but argued that g has no…
prevented the emergence of a g factor. 7 correlated. g. fundamental significance
Thurstone’s (1941) factors included…
spatial IQ, perceptual speed, numerical IQ, verbal reasoning, memory, word fluency & reasoning
Cattell (1966) identified __ inter-correlated factors which did not live on in the literature. However his distinction between…did
- Gc (crystallised intelligence or knowledge) & Gf (fluid intelligence or info-processing ability)
How did Carroll (1993) develop the three-stratum theory of intelligence? How many factors lie at each level of the hierarchy?
By 1) FA the raw data, 2) carrying out a 2nd order FA by FA the 1st order data & 3) carrying out a 3rd order FA by FA the 2nd order data. Stratum I: 65 specific abilities, SII: 8 broad factors, SIII: g
Carroll’s (1993) 8 factors included…
Gf, Gc, visual perception (Gv), auditory perception (Ga), Gs (cognitive speediness) etc
Give 4 points of caution re: the use of psychometrics & FA to define IQ
1) factors emerge unlabeled & so require names, 2) FA only analyses test data, not what is not tested, 3) g may be an artefact of common, low-level test requirements (Thomson, 1916) & 4) correlated factors remain important
Guildford’s (1983) componential theory was developed not by…but on…The theory posited ___ factors which were assumed to be ___
FA. Purely theoretical grounds, 150, independent
In componential theory factors reflected a taxonomy of 3-way combinations of 3 types of ability:…
1) contents (modalities of application), 2) products (abilities to be mastered) & 3) operations (mental processes) = 5 x 6 x 5
4 types of skill are included in componential theory:
Problem-solving skills, memory operations, decision-making skills & linguistic skills
Guildford’s theory is unpopular because it is arbitrary & not supported by FAs. However, one good thing came from it:
Testing divergent (as opposed to convergent) thinking as a measure of IQ
The information processing approach was advocated by Galton (1883) who believed that intelligence had a ___ basis & was ___
biological, inherited
Galton measured 3 things which he believed were related to IQ:…
1) eminence, 2) sensory perception & most importantly 3) RTs: the speed & accuracy of neural transmission was believed to reflect IQ
Whilst Galton (1883) found no evidence for a link between RTs & IQ because of…, Deary (2001) did. There were higher correlations between IQ &…than…. Intelligent people also showed less…
Insensitive measures. Choice RTs, simple RTs. Variability in RTs i.e. smaller SDs
RTs correlated with IQ a little more strongly for ___ than males
females
What is a hazard ratio? IQ and choice RTs show ___ hazard ratios of 1.41
The proportionate change in mortality risk for every SD change in predictor X at a given age e.g. 1.5 = 50% increase in risk. Similar
Sternbery (1985) made 4 points about IQ:…
1) it depends on acquired skills & strategies, 2) it is purposeful, goal-directed behaviour, 3) it cannot be understood outside of socio-cultural context & 4) traditional IQ approaches are narrower than lay beliefs
What two primary categories of IQ do experts and lay people agree upon?
1) verbal ability, 2) problem-solving ability
What was Sternberg’s method?
To adopt the info processing approach & correlate performance on tasks which tested only one cognitive skill each
Name the 3 levels of Sternberg’s triarchic theory?
1) componential (info processing & problem solving), contextual (streetwise = what do in a social/cultural environment) & 3) experiential (to acquire skills & make them automatic/ routine)
The main criticism of Sternberg’s theory was that…How did Sternberg respond?
It was too broad & also measured personality factors e.g. conscientious people would not break rules to discover new solutions. By investigating the r/ship between IQ & personality
Define emotional intelligence (EI)
The ability to reason accurately about emotions & use emotions & emotional knowledge to enhance thought
There ability-based, personality-based & mixed models of EI. Each may use ___ e.g….or ___e.g….measures of intelligence
Objective e.g. identify this facial expression or given the story how is person X feeling? Subjective e.g. rate your own intelligence
Objective EI measures correlate with X but not Y, whereas subjective EI measures correlate with Y but not X - what are X & Y?
X: intelligence, Y: Big Five
Name an EI test
The MSCEI (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso EI) test
Name the 2 approaches to EI
1) specific discrete ability approach or 2) integrative model approach (an overarching framework created by combining skills)
Coleman (2011) makes strong claims about EI in business. From left to right his model reads…
regulation, recognition, self, social
Combining these 4 dimensions leads to first ___ (top-left box) which leads to __ & __ which finally both lead to __ (bottom-right box)
self-awareness (recognition + self), social awareness (recognition + social), self-management (regulation + self), r/ship management (regulation + social)
Give 2 :)s & 1 :( of EI
:) EI predicts real world outcomes (job performance & well-being), :) has incremental validity (beyond P & IQ) :( includes personality factors
Give 3 future directions for EI
Can we fit EI into existing taxnomies of IQ? Can it inform treatment suitability? Can emotional knowledge be taught effectively?
Two other exciting developments in IQ are
1) dynamic testing & 2) the neural basis of IQ
The IQ test which loads most strongly on g is
Raven’s progressive matrices
What 2 predictions were pitted against each other re: the neural basis of g?
That g reflected the amount of PFC activity (executive control) vs. reflected the extent of diversity of neural activation i.e. the average efficiency of a total set of cognitive functions (Thomson, 1916)
Using ___ Duncan (2000) found greater ___ activity for high g involvement in comparison to low g involvement control tasks. This was true despite…(spatial, verbal & perceptual-motor tasks)
PET. PFC. The diversity of IQ tests administered
