Personality Theories

Question 1

Hollanders definition

Answer 1

Combination of all characteristics that make a person unique

Question 2

Hollanders Structure

Answer 2

1st layer- Psych core, relatively constant behaviours and values
2nd layer- Typical response- response to any given sitch based on beliefs
3rd- Role-related behavior- behaviour influenced by the environment and varies

Question 3

Cattell’s trait theory

Answer 3

• Hierarchy of traits
• Continuum of traits that everyone has to a degree

Question 4

Cattell’s Source traits

Answer 4

• Most important traits and found at the top of the continuum

Question 5

Cattell’s Surface traits

Answer 5

• Influences behavior at diff intensities

Question 6

Interactionist theory

Answer 6

• Suggests people behave based on innate traits and environment

Question 7

Marten’s structure

Answer 7

• Basically Hollanders
• Emphasises dynamic of R-RBH and its dependance on environment

Question 8

Wood’s Triadic model

Answer 8

Cognitive- Knowledge to form a belief and complete a task
Affective- Attitude towards task
Behavioral- How you intend to complete the task
All 3 components make up Attitude

Question 9

Define Prejudice

Answer 9

• Strongly held attitude resistant to change
• Held to a direct experience
• Unfair is negative

Question 10

Define Stereotyping

Answer 10

• General feelings to a person in categories
• According to identifiable characteristics
• Rarely Acc., resistant to change

Question 11

Festinger Cognitive Dissonance theory

Answer 11

• States 3 elements in Wood’s should be consistent If attitude brings consonance
• If <2 conflicts, dissonance occurs and causes discomfort and change

Question 12

Persuasive Comms

Answer 12

• Physical/Verbal comms from a SO that is respected
  Effectiveness depends on:
• Respect for SO
• Sense and accuracy of comms
• Characteristics of target, accepting or not

Question 13

Strats to change performers attitude

Answer 13

• +ve attitude Role models
• +ve Reinforcement
• Goal setting
• Reward good actions
• Appropriate responsibilities

Question 14

Weinberg & Gould arousal

Answer 14

Arousal- blend of psych & phys of someone and level of motiv, alertness and excitement at a particular moment
- Psych readiness

Question 15

Hull Spence & Spence Drive Theory

Answer 15

• Proportional linear relationship between arousal and performance

Question 16

Dominant responses of elite and novices

Answer 16

Elite- dominant is correct as they are in autonomous stage of learning even with high arousal
Novice- dominant usually incorrect as they are in cognitive stage of learning and can’t handle arousal, -ve linear relationship

Question 17

Inverted U

Answer 17

• Optimal performance is reached with optimal level of arousal
• But decreases with any further increase of arousal
• Doesn’t consider individuality

Question 18

Hardy & Fazey Catastrophe theory

Answer 18

• Increase in arousal outside of comfort zone causes anxiety
• Non-linear relationship between anxiety and performance

Question 19

Cognitive anxiety CATA

Answer 19

• Worries of performance, psychological

Question 20

Somatic anxiety CATA

Answer 20

• Worries of performing skills correctly

Question 21

Levitt anxiety

Answer 21

• Feeling of apprehension and heightened psych arousal
• Often associated with fear, worries and doubts

Question 22

Somatic anxiety

Answer 22

• Phys response to a sitch where performer cant cope

Question 23

Cognitive anxiety

Answer 23

• Psych response to a sitch
• Apprehension and nervousness

Question 24

Behavioral anxiety

Answer 24

• Feelings that lead to certain patterns of behavior

Question 25

Spielberger anxiety

Answer 25

Trait- innate State- result of environment

Question 26

ZoF

Answer 26

- If performer has preferred level of anxiety and arousal, best performance - Any less or more causes hinderances

Question 27

Choking

Answer 27

- Sudden decrease in performance due to anxiety

Question 28

Cognitive stress management

Answer 28

- +ve self talk - Eliminate -ve self talk - Rational thinking - Mindfulness, concentrate on present - Mental rehearsal - Imagery - Goal setting

Question 29

Somatic stress management

Answer 29

- Progressive muscular relaxation - Breathing control - Centring technique - Biofeedback, using physiological tech - Pre-game routines

Question 30

Baron aggression

Answer 30

- Any behavior directed to harm or injure - Another who is motivated to avoid such treatment

Question 31

Assertion

Answer 31

- Forceful behavior that is controlled - And within laws of the game

Question 32

Hostile aggression

Answer 32

-Aggressive behavior that crosses the rules of a game - To cause harm

Question 33

Channelled aggression

Answer 33

- No intention to harm - Within rules of the game

Question 34

Reactive aggression

Answer 34

Hostile but a reaction towards other aggressive acts

Question 35

Instrumental aggression

Answer 35

- Aggressive within rules - Still cause harm

Question 36

Freud and Lorenz Instinct theory

Answer 36

- Aggression is genetically inherited - Biologically predisposed to be dominant through aggression

Question 37

Banduras social learning theory

Answer 37

- Aggression is based on observations - Leads to mimicking of actions

Question 38

Dollard Frustration Aggression hypothesis

Answer 38

- Aggression occurs when a goal is blocked to succeed - Emotional catharsis due to build up of frustration

Question 39

Causes of aggression

Answer 39

- Nature of game - Hostile crowds - Frustration - Rivalry - Reaction - No morals - Win at all costs attitude - Bracketed morality-- morals vary with environment

Question 40

Reduction of aggression

Answer 40

- Punishments - Non aggressive role models - Change position - Implement stress management - +ve reinforcement for non-aggressive - Change views or aggressor - Rewards for fair play

Question 41

Positive motivation

Answer 41

- Performance is driven by reinforcing behaviors

Question 42

Maehr & Zusho motivation

Answer 42

- Process that influences initiation, direction, magnitude & intensity, perceverance, continuation - And quality of a goal-directed behavior

Question 43

Negative motivation

Answer 43

- Drive and improvement out of fear of not performing well

Question 44

Woods motivation

Answer 44

- What drives us to do things - What makes us do things

Question 45

Atkinson & McClelland Achievement motivation and 2 dimensions

Answer 45

- Achievement comes from individuals personality - And its their motiv to strive for success - Links personality and comp - Naf NaCH

Question 46

Mastery goals

Answer 46

- Set targets for improvement in performance - Focus on mastering a task

Question 47

Outcome goals

Answer 47

- Motivated by winning

Question 48

Socially approved goals

Answer 48

- Improve weaknesses in performance - Seek external approval & reinforcement to increase motiv

Question 49

Task orientated goals

Answer 49

- Desire to win - Perfecting certain tasks within a performance to improve overall performance