Personality Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

enduring, relatively broad psychological differences between people, excluding cognitive abilities

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2
Q

Personality traits

A

a trait is consistent pattern of behavior, thinking or feeling

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3
Q

The Big Five personality traits

A

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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4
Q

Extraversion

A

High: sociable, energetic, enthusiastic, assertive
Low: shy, reserved, quiet
e.g- I laugh easily
preference for simulant drugs, quicker reaction times, positive emotionality

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5
Q

Agreeableness

A

High: warm, modest, kind, helpful
Low: cold, unfriendly
e.g- I am a considerate person
trusting, cooperation in experimental games, altruistic behavior

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6
Q

Conscientiousness

A

High: efficient, organized, thorough, self-controlled
Low: careless, irresponsible
e.g- I almost always complete projects
longevity, work performance, low rates of substance abuse

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7
Q

Neuroticism

A

High: tense, irritable, moody, nervous
Low: stable, calm, contended
e.g- I often feel inferior
low self-esteem, vulnerability to depression, negative emotionality

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8
Q

Openness to experience

A

High: imaginative, intelligent, original, sophisticated
Low: simple, shallow, conventional, narrow
e.g-I have an active imagination
artistic interests, more educational, less prejudice

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9
Q

controversies in trait psychology

A
  1. are individual differences consistent
  2. is the structure of traits universal
  3. traits or types
  4. are traits sufficient for describing personality
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10
Q

Genetics of personality

A

researched through family studies, twin studies and adoption studies

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11
Q

Brain functioning (Eysenck’s theory)

A

extraversion and low cortical arousal
neuroticism and limbic system reactivity

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12
Q

Brain functioning (Gray’s Theory)

A

impulsivity and behavioral activation system: sensitivity to reward and pleasure/ tendency to approach rewards
anxiety and behavioral inhibition system: sensitivity to punishment and pain/ associated with a tendency to avoid punishments

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13
Q

Hormonal factors

A

Among men, lower 2D:4D ratio correlates with:
* Physical aggression
* More stereotypically ‘masculine’ career interests (realistic &
enterprising)
* Less stereotypically feminine gender role
In women, lower 2D:4D ratio correlates with:
* More indirect aggression (spreading rumours, malicious humour,
excluding people)
* More stereotypically ‘masculine’ interests (enterprising, less social)

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14
Q

Cognitive theories of personality

A

Perceiving (personal constructs)
◦ Explaining (attributional style)
◦ Thinking (emotional intelligence)
◦ Representing (the self)

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15
Q

Personal constructs

A

proposes that humans are primarily driven to understand, predict and control their environment

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16
Q

Attributional style

A

people aim to determine the causes of events and experiences
focused on negative events- internal, stable and global issues

17
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

perceiving emotion, using emotion, understanding emotion, managing emotion

18
Q

The self

A
  1. self-complexity
  2. self-esteem
19
Q

Kinds of personality measurement

A

interviews, personality inventories, projective tests, implicit personality tests

20
Q

interviews

A

time consuming and labour intensive, subjective, prone to biases
structured, unstructured, semi-structured, provocative

21
Q

personality inventories

A

self-report personality tests
vulnerable to response biases and limitations of self-knowledge

22
Q

Projective tests

A

aim to penetrate deeper levels of personality
involve deliberate ambiguity and open-endedness

23
Q

implicit personality tests

A

based on rapid, automatic responses

24
Q

Stability and change: two meanings

A

Correlational meaning: people’s personality is or isn’t highly correlated overtime
Mean-level meaning: people’s average level of personality is or isn’t stable overtime

25
Q

Erikson’s life stages

A
  1. Basic trust vs. mistrust
    * Infancy; corresponds to oral stage
  2. Autonomy vs. shame & doubt
    * Toddler-hood; corresponds to anal stage
  3. Initiative vs. guilt
    * Pre-school; corresponds to phallic stage
  4. Industry vs. inferiority
    * School years; corresponds to ‘latency’
  5. Identity vs. identity confusion
    * University years
    * ‘Psychological moratorium’; trying on of identities
    * Risk of ‘foreclosing
  6. Intimacy vs. isolation
    * Young adulthood
    * Close relationships
  7. Generativity vs. stagnation
    * Mid-life
    * Sense of meaningful contribution to the future
  8. Integrity vs. despair
    * Old age
    * Wisdom & transcendent satisfaction with lived life
26
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