Personality Midterm 2 Flashcards
Traits as internal causal properties
Biological models
Behaviour genetics
Can lie dormant - not expressed
Explains needs/ wants
Traits as descriptive summaries
Behaviour models
Personality is a learned habitual response to situations
Act frequency formulation
Traits are categories of acts
Traits as descriptive summary of general trend in a persons behaviour relative to others
Good for identifying behavioural regularities
Act nominations
Designed to identify which acts belong in which trait categories
Prototypical judgments
Identifying which acts are most central of each trait category
Lexical approach to traits
Trait terms incorporated into language
Ex. Searching dictionaries for trait terms
Problems: many traits can’t be described with an adjective
Statistical approach to traits
Factor analysis
Identify major dimensions of personality
Theoretical approach
Starts with a theory which then determines which variables are important
Ex. Humours and black bile
Eysenck
PEN - psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism
Hierarchies approach
Uses spectrum (neuroticism, emotional stability - extroversion, introversion)
Believed in heritability
Cartel
16 factor system
Some say this is too many
Wiggins
Circumflex
Focused on interpersonal traits involving exchanges between two people
Specified relationship between traits
Big 5
OCEAN
most used
Repeated in different languages
Reputable
Critiques of big 5
Omits important aspects of personality:
Positive and negative evaluation
Masculinity/ femininity
Spirituality
Sexuality
Attitudes
HEXACO
By western graduates
Big 5 plus honesty/humility - accounts for spirituality/ religiosity
Carl Rogers
Developed client centred therapy
Humanist
Client = the self
Development of self concept
Infant: realize you are different from rest of world
Toddler: sense of language - self concept includes family
3-12: development of skills and talents “look at me” era
Adolescent: empathy develops
Objective self awareness
Seeing yourself as an object of other attention - beginning of social identity
Cognitive dissonance
Being disingenuous with your self and inner values
Humanistic approach
Focus on individuals self care and growth as opposed to focus on experiments and stats
Treats individuals as uniquely human
Existential Psychology
System of views and practices based on existentialism principles that individuals existence and experience is unique - emphasizes free will
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualization
First four are deficit needs
Self actualization isn’t achieved once first four are - life long process, requires lots of inner work
B-values
Being values - beauty wholeness justice meaningfulness
Flow
State of complete concentration and joyful immersion in situation or activity
Autotelic personality
People who seek and create situations in which they experience flow states - find balance between serious things and play - they must learn how to set realistic goals and stay focused
Happiness views
- material possessions
- basic needs being met
- comparison: happiness based on others evaluation of you
- expectation view - goals set and if they were accomplished as means of happiness
Biological view - happiness is genetic
Spiritual view - inner factors and spiritual connection
Existential therapy
Based on assumption that we should take full responsibility for outcomes of our behaviour, experiences and feelings
Holistic health
Physical mental and spiritual
factors are equally important in individuals health both in illness and treatment
Narrative medicine and psychology
Narrative medicine - helps medical professionals recognize, interpret and be moved by stories of illness - training physicians to take specific personal history of patient into account
Narrative psych - how stories shape lives - uses storytelling as part of psychotherapy
Public diplomacy
Organized interaction among citizens of different countries to establish a dialogue intended to find solutions to international disputes
Client centered therapy
Rogers
Empathetic listening
Unconditional positive regard
Sat INFRONT of patients
Accept whatever is said
Self concept
Guides how each person processes information about themselves
Self schemata
Chapter of self concept
Built on past experience
Specific knowledge strictures or cognitive representations of self concept
Self esteem vs self efficacy
Self esteem is worth
Efficacy is capabilities
Defensive pessimism
Expect to fail, when failure occurs not new negative info about self is revealed
Self handicapping
Deliberately doing things poorly to excuse failure
Absentmindedness
Lack of practical skills, common sense or attention
Allport
Character and personality were different entities
Character - moral category
personality - objective self
Taxonomy
Practice of naming and organizing things scientifically
Wisdom
Ability to feel judge and act based on reason common sense vast knowledge and ethics
Cognitive approach
Behaviour guided by cognitions
Calkin’s self psychology
Self
Object
Self relation or attitude to object
Gestalt tradition
Ideas about holistic nature of human experience, emphases on actuality of moment
Embracing immediate experience
Least effort principle
Minimize number of cognitive operations required to meet a goal
Personal construct approach
Certain ideas we have are likely to predict existence of other ideas
So Our inner world is an expectable system
Collectivist culture
Report lower self esteem
Focus on needs of others/ collective is emphasized
Individualistic culture
Focus on the self
Higher self esteem as it is prioritized
Cognitive therapy
Collaborative empiricism
Applied spirituality
Psychologists turning to spirituality as mediating factor in therapy to help individuals recover from emotional problems and traumas
Self knowledge improvement is emphasized
Gamblers fallacy
If something is happening more frequently then normal in a period it will happen less frequently in the future and vice versa
Attitude dissonance
Individual should maintain non contradictory view of self and world
Attitudes
Cognitive representations and evaluations of various features of the social and physical world based on personal experience
Zone of proximal development
Difference between child’s learning progress with help to guidance and this child’s learning achievement without guidance of adult - child is typically capable of learning more then adult thinks
Uncertainty orientation
Refers to common ways used by people to handle uncertainty in daily life
Uncertainty avoidance
Degree to which members of society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty
Socialization
Process where individual becomes ember of society and takes on its ideas and behaviours
Power distance
Extent to which the members of society accept that power in institutions is distributed unequally - people in high power distance countries tend to accept inequality between leaders and regular people
Openness model of traits
Suggests people DO constantly change their behaviours, encounter new experiences, and adjust the changing life situations - early experiences do not necessarily determine who you are today as a person - traits and habits evolve
Morality
Complex cognitive, emotional and behaviours construct associated with person understanding of right and wrong based on societal norms
Individualism
Pattern of cognition and behaviour based on concern for oneself and immediate people as opposed to society or larger community
Emerging adulthood
Late teens to mid 20’s or sometimes later
Characterized by self-focused exploration of possibilities in work, relationships, interests, and values
Developmental stages
Definite periods in life characterized by certain physical psychological behavioural and social characteristics
Consistency mod
Most people learn behaviours and develop stable traits early in life and tend not to change them later
Piaget stages of development
Sensorimotor - interaction with immediate environments
Preoperational - language and imagination
Concrete Operations - logic
Formal Operations - hypothetical thinking
Assimilation and Accommodation
Adopting operations with new object into older mind patterns
modifying one’s mental structures to fit new demand of environment
Both fundamental biological processes and work in trade to help individuals advance their understand of the world
Piaget
Believed process of development progresses in stages determined by child’s developing brain, skills and social environment - movement from on stage to another is natural process - traits are predetermined due to variety of natural factors unfolding within interaction and social circumstances
Androcentrism
Places males at center of narrative
Gender
Set of behavioural cultural or psychological desires associated with individuals sex
Gender consistency
Understanding that maleness or femaleness is consistent across situations regardless in changes of appearance or activities
Gender identity
Individuals self determined gender
Gender nonconforming
People who don’t identify with gender of the sex they were assigned at birth
Gender roles
Prescriptions and expectations assigned to genders and embedded in cultural norms
Masculine protest
Psychological reaction of opposing male dominance
Natural dominance
Incorrect assumption of biological superiority
Metrosexual
Popularized in media
Straight Men who have feminine characteristics related to grooming, appearance and clothes
Sexuality
Capacity for erotic experiences and related behavioural responses
Transvestic fetishism
Disorder where individuals fantasize about cross dressing causing significant distress to person and functioning
Sexism
Prejudice resulting in discrimination based on views of sex or gender
Gender similarities hypothesis
Males and females are alike on most but not all psychological variables
Variability hypotheses - gender
Men and women are likely to be similar in many ways but men’s scores groups around either end of spectrum and women’s are more spread out - men are either really good or really bad at things
Shyness
Not introverts - desire friendship and social interaction
Held back by insecurities and fears
Chronic objective self awareness
Associated with some type of narcissism - not seeing themselves as better but always thinking about how they’re being perceived
Interpret situations negatively and expect others to dislike them
Androgyny
Someone who scores high on masculinity and femininity
Sex differences
Average differences between men and women
Can be controversial and used to enforce sexism and political agendas
Psychology of sex differences
Maccoby and Jacklyn
Developed more precise quantitative procedures for examining conclusions scored studied and for determining sex differences
Psychology of sex differences
Maccoby and Jacklyn
Developed more precise quantitative procedures for examining conclusions scored studied and for determining sex differences
Effect size/ d-stat
Used to express differences in standard deviation units
Larger d value = larger effect
D = mean1 - mean2 : sd of both
Of result is positive mean1 is larger
0.2 or -0.2 = small difference
0.8 or -0.8 = large differences
Undifferentiated
Someone who scores low on both M and F
Bem sex role inventory
Sandra Bem’s model that measures masculinity and femininity
Childhood self esteem
Identifies expectation for Beauvoir and either does or does not fulfill expectations
Features of identity
Continuity - people expect you to be the same person
Contrast - your social identity differentiates you from others - you are unique in eyes of others
