personality disorders: the dsm

Question 1

what is psychopathology?

Answer 1

“a faillure of adaption to the environment”
* causes distress and shows a pattern of problematic mental symptoms
mental illness is maladaptive behaviour

Question 2

what is diagnosis?

Answer 2

idntifying a disease from signs and symptoms

Question 3

who was involved in the process of making DSM (like the pre-making and making)

Answer 3

william battie from st. luke suggested idea that patients could be helped
william wundt and kraepelin created bppk with 13 groups of psychological disorders

first official dsm created in 1952 after ww11 bc everyone w/ mess up mental health and they could collect data with it

Question 4

what is the current DSM? what model does it use?

Answer 4

DSM-TR-5
uses biospycosocial model

Question 5

what are the positives of labels?

Answer 5

• allows entry to services
• enhances identity (have udnerstanding)
• has financial ebenfits
• interventions are approrpiate to needs so can be effective
• communication improves

Question 6

what are the challenges of labels?

Answer 6

• blinders - disregard other challenges bc of label
• biases - cateorgizing individuals and stigma
• self-fulfilling - label becoming defining characteristic
• collateral damade - side effects of meds
• impacting rights to employment, education, insurance, mortgages

Question 7

what are the criticisms of the dsm 5

Answer 7

• The DSM is an unscientific and subjective system of classification.
• only focuses on signs and symptoms not undelrying causes
• little acknologement of relationship between envrinoment and mental health
• issues in valaidity and reliability
• creates labels which can be bad
• pathologized too many people, can over-diagnose

Question 8

what is a mental disorder?

Answer 8

a syndrome characterized by clincially significant distrubance in cognition, emotion regulation, behaviour that reflects dysfunction in mental functioning

Question 9

what does the dsm project?

Answer 9

a dominant medical discourse
* can have negative consequenes

Question 10

what is assessment outside the medical model?

Answer 10

different than medical model because ongoing, dynamic, and multidimensional (more modern)

Question 11

what are the psychological diagnoses in the classroom?

Answer 11

ADHD: developmental disorder with inappropriate levels of hyperactivity and problems with attention
must have min of 6 symtoms of inattion or 6 of hyperactivity

Question 12

psychological diagnoses in courtroom?

Answer 12

mental disorder defence: commuted crime not being in “sound mind”
* don’t know what they were doing and that it was wrong
* less than 1% successful
involuntary commitment
community treatment: alternate to involuntary commitment

Question 13

what are culture bound syndromes?

Answer 13

recognized in culture but not outside

Question 14

what is medical model?

Answer 14

sees psychological conditions through western medicine lens

Question 15

what is abnormal psychology?

Answer 15

study of mental illness

Question 16

what is psychosis

Answer 16

can’t distingush real from imagined

Question 17

what are anxiety disorders?

Answer 17

cluster of mental disorders involving excessive anxiety that is an unjustifiable degress, duration, and source of anxiety

Question 18

what are the potential causes of anxiety disorders - 2 things about fears?

Answer 18

observational learning for fears
catastrophic thinking

Question 19

what is generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 19

high levels of anxiety over long period and difficult to control

Question 20

what is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Answer 20

disressing maladaptive focus on details and conrtol - repeated and lengthy
obsessions: persistent ideas, thought, impulses that mark distress
compulsions: relieve distress by act

Question 21

what is panic disorder?

Answer 21

repeated unexpected panic attacks - sweating, dizziness, lightheadedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy
* also includes fear of future panic attacks which affects behaviour

Question 22

what are phobias and their causes?

Answer 22

persistent, irrational, intense fear of an object or situation that disproprtionate to actual threat - great distress and interferes

causes: genertic predisposition, conditioning, observational learning

Question 23

what is agoraphobia?

Answer 23

an intense fear of having a panic attack in public - can’t escape and no one to help

Question 25

what is social anxiety disorder?

Answer 25

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

Question 26

what is dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)?

Answer 26

split between a person’s conscious awareness and their feelings cognitions memory and identity - feel that aspects of themself are seperatesd

Question 27

what are mood disorders?

Answer 27

moods/emotions that are extreme, distorted, or inconsistent that interferes witha bility to function
* major life events can be precursor but also biological influence too

Question 28

what is major depressive disorder? what are causes?

Answer 28

Overwhelming sadness, despair, hopelessness, no pleasure
causes:
* biological: genetics, brain chemisty, neurotransmitters
* cognitive perspective: distortions in thinking
The three elements of the depressive explanatory style are internalizing, stabilizing, and globalizing.

Question 29

persistent despressive disorder

Answer 29

low level depression of atleast 2 years

Question 30

what is manic episode? what is hypomanic episode?

Answer 30

manic: Excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, hyperactivity, lowered need for sleep, high energy, inflated self-esteem, extremes in behaviour
hypomanic: less intense manic episode

Question 31

what is bipolar disorder I and II

Answer 31

BP I: presence of one or more manic episodes
BP II: presence of at least 1 major depressive and 1 mypomaic episode
- genetically influenced but stress can cause episode

Question 32

what are other mood disorders?

Answer 32

clyclothymic disorder: moods alternate between numerous periods of hypomaic symtoms and depressive symtoms
postpartum depression: after birth depression
seasonal affactive disorder: seasonal depression
disruptive mood dysregulation: persistent irritability and out of control behaviour for under 18 year olds
premenstrual dysphoric disorder: mood swings, anger, anxiety final week before mensus

Question 33

what are the warning signs of suicide

Answer 33

IS PATH WARM

Question 34

what are personality disorders?

Answer 34

“personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause either significant impairment in social or occupational functioning or subjective distress.”
* onset in adolescence or early adulthood
* diagnosis is controlversal bc of inherent biases, understanding of pd, social context, stigma
* can be caused by abuse or neglect

Question 35

how can personality disorders be manifested (two or more of ways)?

Answer 35

cognition: thinking about an event or person is distorted by a pattern of engrained false perception
affectively: emotional intensity which is usually charged, range which can be wide, appropriateness which can be odd & strange and mood fluctuations with or without cause
interpersonal functioning: varies from enmeshment to disconnectedness
* impulse control: poor control and at risk for injurty of onself or others

Question 36

how are personality disorders arranged?

Answer 36

into 3 clusters (A,B,C)

Question 37

WHAT ARE CLUSTER A PERSONALITY DISORDERS?

Answer 37

characterized by odd behaviour
Paranoid Personality Disorder - highly suspicious
Schizoid Personality Disorder - isolates self and less emotional connections
Schizotypal Personality Disorder - dresses unusual and lacking social skills, and delusions

Question 38

what are cluster B disorders?

Answer 38

characterized by erratic, overly dramatic behaviour
narcissistic: exaggerated sense of self importance, self centered, lack empathy
histrionic: seeks approval and attention
borerline: unstable in mood and relationships ahd impulsive
antisocial: disregards others feelings, aggressive, reckless, will exploit and manipulate

Question 39

what are cluser c disorders?

Answer 39

anxious fearful behavior
obsessive compulsive personality disorder: doing things right way, perfectionisistci, shallow reltaionships
avoidant: fearing rejection so avoiding social situations
dependent: overly dependent on others for approval, clingy, fear abandoment

Question 40

what are the specific requirements of diagnosing personality disorders?

Answer 40

1. Experiencing problems in most aspects of life
2. Being inflexible in behaviour
3. Experiencing major life problems
4. Showing signs of personality disorder since adolescence
5. Behaviours not due to another mental disorder
6. Behaviours not due to a physical disorder

Question 41

what is schizophrenia?

Answer 41

a psychotic disorder characterized by disordered thinking, perceptions, and delusions that begins in adolescence or early adulthoods
* combination of genes, prenatal risks, envrionmental influences
characterized by
Odd and false belief systems
* Loss of contact with reality.
* Hallucinations and/or delusions.
* Inappropriate or flat affect.
* Disturbance in thinking.
* Social withdrawal.
* Bizarre behaviour.
* Disorganized speech

Question 42

how does schizophrenia affect nervous system>

Answer 42

loss of synapses - too much synaptic pruning
exessive dopamine or other neurotransmitter activity (dopamine theory)
low activity in frontal lobed
reduced volume of hippocampus, amydgala, thalamus, front lobe grey matter

Question 43

what are positive vs negative symtoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 43

positive: nvolve the presence of maladaptive behaviour
* Hallucinations = imaginary sensations.
* Delusions = false beliefs.
* Thought disturbances.
* Grossly disorganized behaviour.
* Inappropriate affect = facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures not reflecting emotion expected.

negtaive: absense of adaptive behaviours - include absent or flat emotional reactions as well as lack of speech and motivation
* Loss or deficiency in normal thoughts and behaviours.
* Flat affect = no usual emotional response; robotic.
* Poorest outcomes

Question 44

what are the phases of schizophrenia?

Answer 44

1. prodromal phase: confusion and withdrawl
2. active phase: delusions and halluinations
3. residual phas: predominat symptoms lessen but others still affect

Question 45

how does stigma impact personality disorders?

Answer 45

PDs are among the most stigmatizing diagnoses in
adults, particularly among healthcare providers
* chnages how people feel about themselves and how they want to be percieved
* structural stigma: institutional policies, cultural norms, and organizational practices that limit consumers’ access to health services, quality of care, and capacity to achieve optimal health and well-being

Question 46

7 things to reduce stigma?

Answer 46

1. Know the facts. Educate yourself about mental illness including substance use
   disorders.
2. Be aware of your attitudes and behaviour. Examine your own judgmental thinking,
   reinforced by upbringing and society.
3. Choose your words carefully. The way we speak can affect the attitudes of others.
4. Educate others. Pass on facts and positive attitudes; challenge myths and stereotypes.
5. Focus on the positive. Mental illness, including addictions, are only part of anyone’s
   larger picture.
6. Support people. Treat everyone with dignity and respect; offer support and
   encouragement.
7. Include everyone. It’s against the law to deny jobs or services to anyone with these
   health issues