emotion and motivation Flashcards

Question

# ``` ``` what are the types of sexual selection?

Answer 1

**intrasexual selection**: members of same sax compete to win opportunity to mate with members of opposite sex **intersexual selection**: members of one sex select a mating partner based on their desirable traits

Answer 2

pleasure, emotions, insecurity, goals

Answer 3

phases of physiological change during sexual activity, comprising of 4 primary stages * excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution * mens and women's differ *refractory period: time needed during which eretion and orgasm are not physically possible* - men experience but some women can go multiple orgasms withoout experiencing

Answer 4

oxytocin *hormone related to feelings of trist and desire to be close to someone*

Answer 5

consistent pref. for sexual relations with members of opposite sex, same sex, either sex, etc. * testosterone and prenatal exposure said to be biological factor

Answer 6

mismatch between gender identity and biological sex

Answer 7

set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of men and women

Answer 8

negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour

Answer 9

hormone involved in development of sex characteristsics and the motivation for sexual behaviour

Answer 10

theory that proposes that certain drive motivates individuals to act in ways that minimize aversive traits * attemping to maintain level of psychologcial homeostatis * source of motivation lies **within** person **BIOLOGICAL INTERNAL MOTIVATION - BOUND BY HOMEOSTASIS**

Answer 11

when homeostasis becomes distrubed/not in equilibrium, a drive emerges * emergence of drive creates motivation to satisy need and reduce drive to restore homeostasis

Answer 12

proposes that indivudals are often motivated by positive goals and that incentives can motivate behaviour motivation comes from the environment around you * intrinisc - internal goals bc of passion * extrinsic: external goals **Push vs Pull theory** * internal states of tension push people in certain directions * external stimuli pull people in certain directions **ENVIRONMENTAL MOTIVATION - OUTSIDE FACTORS**

Answer 13

**humanistic theory** acknologes that people are also motivated by social/person desires or personal growth and these needs can outweigh the drive to meet basic needs *willing to tolerate tension (pain, hunger, etc) to achieve their artistic/political/personal goals* **heirarchy of needs** - needs arranged in order of urgency; lower levels must be satisfied before higher ones * physiolgical needs lowest * self-actualization needs highest *maslow thought striving to do/be meaningful is essential in human life*

Answer 14

state that these theories are too mechanical and fails to account for all human motivation

Answer 15

point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and accepting human being

Answer 16

*arousal is a level of alterness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the CNS * optimal level varies with person and activity yerkes-dodson law: we usually perform most activities best when we are moderately aroused * challenge: arousal moderately low * easy: arousal moderately high *perform worse when arousal is too low to too high*

Answer 17

achievement motive is the desire to meet some intenalized standard to excellence atkinson's theory: the tendceny to prusue achivement depends on numerous factors including * the strength of motivation to achieve success * one's estimate of the porbability of success * the incentive value of success *prusuit of achievemnt increases as the porbability and incentive value of success increase*

Answer 18

states of tension or arousal arising from a biological need * hunger * thirst * sexual desire

Answer 19

love may be a goal-oriented state in a way that is similar to hunger and sex drives - **drive to prusue preferred mated** **hatfild & rapson's theory** * passionate love: powerful physical and emotinal longing for one's partner * compasionate love: love marked by sense of deep friendhsip and fondness for one's partner - tenderness and affection of someone else being in our life **sternbergs triangular theory of love ** three major elements of consummate love: * intimacy * passion * commitment

Answer 20

behaviour with three components 1. a subjective thought/experience (cognitive appraisal) 2. an accompanying pattern of neural activity and physical arousal (physiological arousal) 3. observable behaviorual expression *brain body reactions to experiences that can be conscous or unconscious *

Answer 21

shape experience of world and have a pervasive influence throughout life * effects of emotional reactions can be long lasting or brief, transcontextual or situationally specific

Answer 22

transitory states of emotion that depend on the situation rather than on a specific person

Answer 23

pattern of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences across a variety of life situations

Answer 24

emotions are brain body reactions that can be conscious or unconscious depending on the "road" they take *2 pathways for processing fear* **low road**: unconscious pathway emotional stimulus -> thalamus sense fear -> amygdala sounds alarm -> emotional response **high road**: conscious pathways emotional stimulus -> thalamus sense fear -> sensory cortex "command central" -> amygdala sounds alarm -> emotional response *unconscious is designed to get person to saftey/acting before being consciously aware*

Answer 25

sympathethic division: preps body to respond to stress * fight, flight, freeze, appease parasympathetic division: restores body to normal conditions

Answer 26

emotional stimulus -> cognitive appraisal -> arousal, behavior, emotional face/postural expressions, emotional feelings *emotional feelings impact appraisial which impacts everything else*

Answer 27

agree that emotions have physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components but disagree as to how these three components interact. *resulting in 3 different theories of emotion*

Answer 28

the subjective experience of fear follows the physiological response *heart racing -> made you nervous about noise* **physiological reactions precede and give rise to emotional experience** *event -> physical response -> emotion*

Answer 29

feelings of emotion occur at the same time as physical arousal *fear and heart racing at same time* **emotion provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotional and bodily reaction**

Answer 30

it is our interpretation of why we are aroused that creates the emotional experience * emotions are a combination of undiferentiated arousal with an attribution/explanation of that arousal * cognitive aspects play a role

Answer 31

there are at least six basic facial expressions that are universally recognized but research shows there is a 7th emotion (**contempt**)

Answer 32

primary: emotional reactions to a situtation or external event * precipitating event causes an individual to experience emotion * 8 primary emotions: anticipation, joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger secondary: emotional reactions about the feeling itself * dependent on sense of sense and awareness of others reactions * combination of primary emotions (e.g. fear + anticipation = anxiety or anger + anticipation = aggression) * becomes more intense over time and experienced more frequently than the actual event and more long lasting and complex

Answer 33

emotions have similarties among cultures but there are cultural differences that impact emotions *does not influence the emotion itself, rather affects its expression*

Answer 34

variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed

Answer 35

the unwritten expectations we have regarding when it is appropriate to show a certain emotion and how that emotion should be expressed

Answer 36

suggests that emotional expressions can influence emotional states - in modern interpretations of james-lange theory