Personality Disorders Flashcards
What is a personality disorder?
A personality disorder is a maladaptive pattern of behaviour that is pervasive and has an onset in adolescence.
What is the co-morbidity within personality disorder clusters A,B and C?
9.1%
How does personality disorder differ from traits?
Personality disorder is: Inflexible Maladaptive Persisting Significant impairment or distress
What are the personality disorders that come under Cluster A(odd, eccentric)?
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
What are the personality disorders that come under Cluster B( dramatic, emotional)?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
What are the personality disorders that come under Cluster C(fearful, anxious)?
Avoidant
Dependent
OCPD
Describe Paranoid Personality Disorder.
Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others, across contexts
suspects others are plotting
reluctant to confide in others
Lacks forgiveness
Doesn’t occur exclusively during a psychotic episode or due to medication
Describe Schizoid Personality Disorder.
Pervasive detachment from social relationships
Doesn’t seek close relationships
Emotional coldness and detached
Chooses solitary activities
Describe Schizotypal Personality Disorder.
Taxonic Cognitive and perceptual distortions Eccentric behaviour Odd beliefs outside the norms Inappropriate affect Paranoid Social anxiety that doesnt distinguish with familiarity
Describe Antisocial Personality Disorder.
Disregard of rights of others since 15 yrs Lack of conformity to social norms Lying for profit Impulsive Reckless disregard for others' safety Only need 3 to be diagnosed
Describe Borderline Personality Disorder.
Pervasive instability of interpersonal relationships Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment Identity disturbance Impulsivity in 2 or more areas Recurrent suicidal gestures Chronic feelings of emptiness
Describe Histrionic Personality Disorder.
Pervasive excessive emotionality and attention seeking
Uncomfortable if not centre of attention
Shallow emotional expression
Suggestable
Interactions often inappropriately sexual or provocative
Describe Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
Pervasive grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
Believe they are so special that people can’t understand them
Sense of entitlement
Arrogant
Envious of others/ believes others envy them
Describe Avoidant Personality Disorder.
Pervasive social inhibition Avoids jobs with interpersonal contact Fear of being ridiculed Views themselves an inferior Reluctant to take risks or try something new in case of embarrassment
Describe Dependent Personality Disorder.
Pervasive need to be taken care of.
Submissive and clingy
Constantly needing reassurance from others
Difficulty expressing disagreement because fear of loss
Urgently seeks another relationship when one ends
Describe Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.
Pervasive preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism at expense of flexibility
Preoccupied with details
Perfectionism interferes with completion
Excessively devoted to work to the exclusion of friendships
Associated with hoarding
Rigidity and stubborness
Costa and McCrae, 1992 found strong correlations between…
Neuroticism and Paranoia and Borderline PD.
Agreeableness and Paranoia, Borderline and Antisocial PD.
Samuel and Widiger did a metanalysis of the relationships between the FFM and personality disorders and found that…
C, E, A, and N correlated as expected
O didnt have any significant correlations
MaClaren & Best (2010) studied Non Suicidal Self Injury and BPD with the FFM. What did they find?
NSSI is a diagnostic element of BPD and so studied ppts who self harmed.
High and low NSSI group higher N and lower A.
Why do links between Personality Disorder and FFM have major problems for the General Factor of Personality?
GFP- “normal” personality-Low N, high in E, A and C. This is also the profile of Histrionic PD.
What are the clinical implications of the RST?
Caseras et al (2001)- High BIS(sensitivity to punishment) predicted levels of Cluster C & distinguished between C and other clusters.
Soler et al (2015)- sensitivity to punishment and reward scores higher in BPD than Major Depressive Disorder and Healthy controls groups.
Describe the hybrid approach to the diagnosis of PDs
Hybrid model diagnoses people with Personality disorder- trait specified when their symptoms or trait patterns are substantially different from any of the 6 specific personality disorders. It deals with co-morbidity like this. Dimensional approach - impaired personality functioning, personality trait pathology.
