personality disorders Flashcards
personality
characteristic way that a person thinks and behaves across situations.
personality disorder
disrupted emotions, cognitions, and behaviours enduring across time and situations. includes emotional distress or impairment, but distress to self not necessary. no episodic features.
cluster A personality disorders
characterized by odd and eccentric behaviours. 3 types:
- paranoid personality disorder.
- schizoid personality disorder.
- schizotypal personality disorder.
paranoid personality disorder
pervasive distrust and suspiciousness toward others, meeting 4/9 DSM criteria.
lifetime prevalence: 2-5%.
etiological: genetics, childhood maltreatment, negative cognitive schemas.
treatment: CBT (challenge assumptions and behaviours). treatment rarely sought out due to poor therapeutic alliance.
schizoid personality disorder
pervasive detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotion. (remember: sounds like void.)
lifetime prevalence: 3-5%.
etiological factors: genetics, childhood abuse, low density of dopamine receptors (?).
treatment: point out value of relationships, social skills training. rarely seek treatment because not distressed.
schizotypal personality disorder
pervasive social and interpersonal deficits marked by discomfort with social relationships and cognitive or perceptual distortions or eccentric behaviour. meet 5/9 DSM criteria. aware of reality (different from schizophrenia.)
lifetime prevalence: 1-5%.
etiological: genetics, brain abnormalities (speech centre).
treatment: antipsychotic medications (limited effectiveness), increase social skills. treatment not usually effective.
cluster B personality disorders
characterized by dramatic, emotional, and erratic behaviours. elevated impulsivity. most closely related to mood. 4 types:
- antisocial personality disorder.
- borderline personality disorder.
- histrionic personality disorder.
- narcissistic personality disorder.
antisocial personality disorder
pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others as indicated by 3/7 DSM criteria. before 18 years, diagnosed with conduct disorder. psychopathy is subset.
lifetime prevalence: 1-3%.
etiological: genetics, underarousal hypothesis, fearlessness hypothesis, coercive/inconsistent parenting, low SES, childhood physical abuse (emotional shutdown).
treatment: some prevention programs to develop empathy, CBT. rarely sought out, may manipulate therapist.
borderline personality disorder
pervasive instability of relationships, self-image, and affects as well as impulsivity as indicated by 5/9 DSM criteria. highly comorbid with mood disorders.
lifetime prevalence: 1-6%.
etiological: genetic contribution, early sexual or physical abuse, poor coping strategies.
treatment: medication (tricyclics, lithium, atypical antipsychotics), DBT. usually seek treatment for things other than personality disorder (ex depression).
histrionic personality disorder
pervasive excessive emotionality and attention seeking as indicated by 5/8 of DSM criteria. controversy about whether real or not.
lifetime prevalence: 2%.
etiological: very little known. female form of antisocial personality disorder? all or nothing thinking.
treatment: lacking research. examine interpersonal relationships (identify short vs long term gains).
narcissistic personality disorder
pervasive grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy as indicated by 5/9 DSM criteria. 75% men. can overlap with psychopathy.
lifetime prevalence: <1-6%.
etiological: failure to develop empathy, hypersensitive to evaluation.
treatment: decrease sense of grandiosity and sensitivity to evaluation, increase empathy.
cluster C personality disorders
characterized by anxious and fearful behaviours. 3 types:
- avoidant personality disorder.
- dependent personality disorder.
- obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
avoidant personality disorder
pervasive social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. highly comorbid with social anxiety disorder.
lifetime prevalence: 2%.
etiological: parental rejection, lack of love, increased behavioural inhibition.
treatment: graduated exposure to feared situations, social skills training in group.
dependent personality disorder
pervasive and excessive need to be cared for leading to submission, clinging behaviour, and fears of separation.
lifetime prevalence: 0.5%.
etiological: genetic influences, excessive sociotropy (investment in personal relationships), lack of autonomy.
treatment: CBT (gain independence and personal responsibility).
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
pervasive preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental or interpersonal control. 20-30% comorbid with OCD, but lacks obsessive thoughts or compulsions and ego-dystonic features.
lifetime prevalence: 2-8%.
etiological: weak genetic contribution, parental reinforcement of conformity and neatness, high levels of perfectionism and rumination.
treatment: CBT, relaxation.
