diagnosis and treatment

Question 1

3 factors for psychological disorder diagnosis

Answer 1

1. psychological dysfunction. problem with emotional, cognitive, or behavioural functioning (at least 2).
2. distress or impairment in functioning. inability to maintain job, school, or work.
3. deviance from the norm. rare, atypical, or not culturally expected.

Question 2

biological etiological factors for psychological disorders generally

Answer 2

biological:
- behaviour, personality, and intelligence.
- genes.
- diathesis-stress model
- gene-environment model
- epigenetics
- neurotransmitter (glutamate, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine).
- learned helplessness
- prepared learning

Question 3

emotional etiological factors for psychological disorders generally

Answer 3

emotional:
- physiology of fear
- affect (momentary emotional state)
- mood (enduring emotional state)
- appraisal
- emotional suppression increases sympathetic nervous system activity

Question 4

cultural, social, and interpersonal etiological factors of psychological disorders generally

Answer 4

cultural, social, and interpersonal:
- culture influences symptoms
- differences in ways emotions are thought of (co-occurring vs not, enduring vs changing, ability to change in different contexts)
- culture specific disorders
- social connection
- minorities are at a greater risk
- stigma

Question 5

diathesis-stress model

Answer 5

diathesis (inherited predisposition to develop a disorder) leads to:

stress (environmental stressor) leads to:

development of psychological disorder.

Question 6

gene-environment model

Answer 6

gene vulnerabilities increase probability of experiencing stressful life events.

Question 7

equifinality

Answer 7

two people presenting with the same symptoms may be explained by different disorders and multiple paths can lead to the same disorder or symptoms.

Question 8

categorical approach

Answer 8

each disorder has underlying cause and unique set of defining criteria.

Question 9

dimensional approach

Answer 9

symptoms range from high to low with no cut-offs.

Question 10

prototypical approach

Answer 10

combines categorical and dimensional approaches. DSM-V-TR takes this approach.