Personality Disorder Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the Cluster A Personality Disorders?

A

Cluster A includes:
paranoid personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder
and schizotypal personality disorder

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1
Q

Personality traits are enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the en­vironment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. It creates the basic defining characteristic from which all responses and behaviors of a person result.

A

Personality Traits

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2
Q

What are the Cluster B Personality Disorders?

A

Cluster B includes:
borderline personality disorder
narcissistic personality disorder
histrionicpersonalitydisorder

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3
Q

What are the Cluster C Personality Disorders

A

Cluster C includes:
avoidant personality disorder
dependent personality disorder
obsessive compulsive personality disorder

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4
Q

What is the 4th cluster of personality disorders?

A

personality change due to another medical condition
other specified personality disorder
unspecified personality disorder

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5
Q

Individuals who suffer from a personality disorder often report significant distress or impairment in social functioning. True or False?

A

True

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6
Q

What are the behaviors that differentiate each cluster of personality disorders?

A

Cluster A is odd-eccentric

Cluster B is dramatic-emotional
Cluster C is anxious-fearful

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7
Q

What cluster involves individuals who avoid social contact and find it difficult to place themselves in situations where they need to interact with others. Often they may seem odd and threatening to individuals who do not know them.

A

Cluster A - schizoid and schizotypal

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8
Q

They present as suspicious and guarded, and when communication
is compromised, others may avoid them because of their suspicious and threatening presentation.

A

Cluster A - schizotypal and paranoid

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9
Q

It is a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of instability in interpersonal relation­ships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity. Their personality traits may appear at first to be close and admiring and then, once a relationship is formed, become angry and critical. Their intense anger may result in arguments and physical fights. This erratic and intense behavior makes it difficult for them to develop lasting associations with others.

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

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10
Q

Narcissistic and Histrionic Personality Disorders are similar in what way?

A

These personality disorders share the theme of dramatic attention-seeking behavior that gets in the way of developing friendships or romantic relationships. They often do not understand why others avoid them.

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11
Q

A type of personality disorder manifested by shunning social interaction
because they see themselves as inadequate and fear negative responses from others. It si characterized by a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

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12
Q

Individuals with this personality disorder experience fear of separation and cling to others, wanting others to make decisions for them. They can appear burdensome to others even in superficial social settings. It is characterized by a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior re­
lated to an excessive need to be taken care of.

A

Dependent Personality Disorders

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13
Q

Individuals with this personality disorder are focus on control of their environment, and their perfectionism can be offensive to others. They exhibit a pattern of preoccupation with order­liness, perfectionism, and control.

A

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

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14
Q

Give examples of possible difficulties that individuals with personality disorder may experience.

A

Social interaction on all levels can often lead to emotional and sometimes physical injury to those with a personality disorder. Individuals suffering from a personality disorder often feel isolated and negatively judged because of their problematic social interactions.
They may also be difficult to work with because they lack insight
into their own conduct as well as subsequent willingness to engage in treatment to address problematic behaviors.

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15
Q

A personality disorder which is characterized by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others, whose motives and intentions are perceived as malicious. These perceptions begin in early adulthood and are present in a number of situations. They assume the ill intent of others and believe that others might exploit, harm, or deceive them. At
times, they may believe others have seriously injured them when there is no evidence that an injury has taken place.

A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

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16
Q

A personality disorder characterized by detachment from social contact and a limited range of emotional expression in settings that require interpersonal exchange. They do not seek or want to develop intimate relationships and do not seek romantic sexual relationships with others. They do not desire to be part of a social group and prefer to be alone. They prefer to work with mechanical or abstract tasks and find little pleasure in hobbies or the activities of life. When others socialize, these individuals prefer to be alone. They do not connect well with others and avoid social contact whenever possible.

A

Schizoid Personality Disorder

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17
Q

Psychotherapy is generally contraindicated for people with SPD because of their intense resistance to change their way of life. True or False?

A

True

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18
Q

What other disorders you should consider before diagnosing Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

Other mental disorders that could be causing the characteristic symptoms should be assessed such as:
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
depressive disorder with psychotic features
another psychotic disorder
autism spectrum disorder
Also ensure that symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a general medical condition.

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19
Q

How would you diagnose Schizoid Peronality Disorder when it exist before diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A

If the criteria are met prior to the onset of schizophrenia, the term premorbid should be added and documented as schizoid personality disorder (premorbid).

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20
Q

It is characterized by significant discomfort with social interaction and close personal relationships and a lack of interest in developing enduring friendships. Additionally, the person with schizotypal personality disorder has cognitive misrepresentations and eccentric behavior. These experiences begin in early adulthood and are present in a number of situations.

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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21
Q

Why does schizotypal personality disorder is sometimes referred
to as the most similar to schizophrenia?

A

One reason is the experience of ideas of reference versus delusions of reference. Those diagnosed with STPD often experience ideas of reference that result from attaching meaning to casual events specific to the individual. The person focuses on the paranormal or entertains superstitions that are not within the norms of his or her cultural milieu. This is similar to schizophrenia, where individuals have a more pronounced form of delusional thinking called delusions of reference. In the personality disorder, the ideas of reference are not as pronounced and usually are related to a specific idea or item as opposed to a general theme that pervades every aspect of a person’s life. In assessing for this disorder, the cultural context, including beliefs and practices, need to be considered. Many religious rituals, beliefs, and practices may appear to meet criteria for STPD. For instance, shamanism, speaking and singing in tongues, magical beliefs, voodoo ritual, seeing and talking with dead relatives, and the evil eye related to mental health and physical illness are experiences that are common in many cultures.

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22
Q

In the etiology of schzotypal personality disorder, what makes this personality disorder to have higher familial predispostion for development of STPD among the first degree biological relatives?

A

With regard to etiology of the disorder, when compared with the general population, there appears to be a familial predisposition for development of STPD when first-degree biological relatives are diagnosed with schizophrenia. The child may observe the behaviors of a relative with schizophrenia and copy the behaviors.

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23
Q

It is is characterized by a history of disregarding others and violating others’ rights, beginning in childhood or early adolescence and continuing into adulthood.

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

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24
Q

To qulaify for diagnosis of APD, what disorder should he be diagnosed with before the age of 15 ?

A

Conduct Disorder

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25
Q

It is characterized as an instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked by impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts.

A

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

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26
Q

What circumstances in which BPD symptoms are exacerbated?

A
emotional instability
existential dilemmas
uncertainty
anxiety-provoking choices
conflicts about sexual orientation
competing social pressures to decide on careers
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27
Q

What issue does a person with BPD may have experienced that they fear and avoid the most?

A

Abandonment issue

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28
Q

Psychotherapy is generally contraindicated for people with SPD because of their intense resistance to change their way of life. True or False?

A

True

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29
Q

What other disorders you should consider before diagnosing Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

Other mental disorders that could be causing the characteristic symptoms should be assessed such as:
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
depressive disorder with psychotic features
another psychotic disorder
autism spectrum disorder
it is not attributable to the physiological effects of a general medical condition.

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30
Q

How would you qualify Schizoid Peronality Disorder when it exist before diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A

If the criteria are met prior to the onset of schizophrenia, the term premorbid should be added and documented as schizoid personality disorder (premorbid).

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31
Q

It is characterized by significant discomfort with social interaction and close personal relationships and a lack of interest in developing enduring friendships. Additionally, the person with schizotypal personality disorder has cognitive misrepresentations and eccentric behavior. These experiences begin in early adulthood and are present in a number of situations.

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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32
Q

Why does schizotypal personality disorder is sometimes referred
to as the most similar to schizophrenia?

A

One reason is the experience of ideas of reference versus delusions of reference. Those diagnosed with STPD often experience ideas of reference that result from attaching meaning to casual events specific to the individual. The person focuses on the paranormal or entertains superstitions that are not within the norms of his or her cultural milieu. This is similar to schizophrenia, where individuals have a more pronounced form of delusional thinking called delusions of reference. In the personality disorder, the ideas of reference are not as pronounced and usually are related to a specific idea or item as opposed to a general theme that pervades every aspect of a person’s life. In assessing for this disorder, the cultural context, including beliefs and practices, need to be considered. Many religious rituals, beliefs, and practices may appear to meet criteria for STPD. For instance, shamanism, speaking and singing in tongues, magical beliefs, voodoo ritual, seeing and talking with dead relatives, and the evil eye related to mental health and physical illness are experiences that are common in many cultures.

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33
Q

In the etiology of schzotypal personality disorder, what makes this personality disorder to have higher familial predispostion for development of STPD among the first degree biological relatives?

A

With regard to etiology of the disorder, when compared with the general population, there appears to be a familial predisposition for development of STPD when first-degree biological relatives are diagnosed with schizophrenia. The child may observe the behaviors of a relative with schizophrenia and copy the behaviors.

34
Q

It is is characterized by a history of disregarding others and violating others’ rights, beginning in childhood or early adolescence and continuing into adulthood.

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

35
Q

What disorder should an individual with APD should be be diagnosed with before the age of 15 to qualify for this diagnosis?

A

Conduct Disorder

36
Q

It is characterized as an instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked by impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts.

A

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

37
Q

What circumstances in which BPD symptoms are exacerbated?

A
emotional instability
existential dilemmas
uncertainty
anxiety-provoking choices
conflicts about sexual orientation
competing social pressures to decide on careers
38
Q

What does issue does a person with BPD may have experienced that fears and avoids the most?

A

Abandonment issue

39
Q

It is characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention
seeking. This pattern begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts. They are exceedingly trusting of authority figures and can be highly suggestible.

A

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD)

40
Q

It is characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, need to be affirmed, and lack of empathy that emerges in early adulthood and is present in a number of situations. A common feature is emotional coldness and absence of. reciprocal interests with others.

A

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)

41
Q

It is a personality disorder characterized by “social inhibition, feelings of
inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts”. These Individuals with avoid contact with others out of fear they may be criticized, rejected, or meet with disapproval. They avoid people as much as possible because if they engage in interaction, the fear of being embarrassed or rejected is too great to confront.

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder

42
Q

It is characterized by “a pervasive excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation”. Individuals with this diagnosis have difficulty in making the simples everyday decisions without others’ input. They experience strong
fears of abandonment and see themselves as completely dependent on the counsel and help of others they perceive as important in their lives.

A

Dependent personality disorder (DPD)

43
Q

It is characterized as “a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. The pattern begins by early adulthood and is present in variety of contexts”. Their perfectionist approach to life and unrealistic performance expectations cause them significant stress, leading to dysfunctional behavior.

A

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

44
Q

It is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the in­dividual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adult­hood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.

A

Personality Disorder

45
Q

The essential feature of personality disorder is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture characterize personality disoders. This pattern is manifested in two (or more) of what areas of personality?

A
  1. Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events).
  2. Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional re­
    sponse) .
  3. Interpersonal functioning.
  4. Impulse control.
46
Q

When do personality traits constitute personality disorders?

A

Only when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause significant func­tional impairment or subjective distress do they constitute personality disorders.

47
Q

What factors must a clinician should consider in establishing a diagnosis of personality disorder?

A

The diagnosis of personality disorders requires an evaluation of the individual’s long­ term patterns of functioning, and the particular personality features must be evident by early adulthood. The personality traits that define these disorders must also be distin­guished from characteristics that emerge in response to specific situational stressors or more transient mental states (e.g., bipolar, depressive, or anxiety disorders; substance in­toxication). The clinician should assess the stability of personality traits over time and across different situations.

48
Q

Assessment of personality disorder can also be complicated by the fact that the characteristics that define a personality disorder may not be considered problematic by the individual (i.e., the traits are often ego-syntonic). As a clinician, how do you resolve this?

A

To help overcome this difficulty, sup­plementary information from other informants may be helpful.

49
Q

What personality disorder cannot be diagnosed in individuals younger than 18 years?

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

50
Q

How do you distinguish personality disorder from other mental disorders which manifests characteristic features of personality disorders?

A

Personality disorder should be diagnosed only when the defining characteristics appeared before early adulthood, are typical of the individual’s long-term functioning, and do not occur exclusively during an episode of another mental disorder.

51
Q

How does paranoid personality disorder differ from other personality disorders?

A

Paranoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder share the traits of suspiciousness, interpersonal aloofness, and paranoid ideation, but schizotypal per­sonality disorder also includes symptoms such as magical thinking, unusual perceptual ex­periences, and odd thinking and speech. Individuals with behaviors that meet criteria for schizoid personality disorder are often perceived as strange, eccentric, cold, and aloof, but they do not usually have prominent paranoid ideation. The tendency of individuals with paranoid personality disorder to react to minor stimuli with anger is also seen in borderline and histrionic personality disorders. However, these disorders are not necessarily associ­ated with pervasive suspiciousness. People with avoidant personality disorder may also be reluctant to confide in others, but more from fear of being embarrassed or found inadequate than from fear of others’ malicious intent. Although antisocial behavior may be present in some individuals with paranoid personality disorder, it is not usually motivated by a desire for personal gain or to exploit others as in antisocial personality disorder, but rather is more often attributable to a desire for revenge. Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder may occasionally display suspiciousness, social withdrawal, or alienation, but this derives primarily from fears of having their imperfections or flaws revealed.

52
Q

Differentiate paranoid traits from paranoid personality disorder.

A

Paranoid traits may be adaptive, particularly in threatening environments. Paranoid personality disorder should be diagnosed only when these traits are inflexible, maladap­tive, and persisting and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress.

53
Q

Differentiate loner trait from schizoid personality disorder.

A

Individuals who are “loners” may display personality traits that might be considered schizoid. Only when these traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause significant func­tional impairment or subjective distress do they constitute schizoid personality disorder.

54
Q

Differentiate schizoid oersonality disorder from other personality disorders.

A

Although characteristics of social isolation and restricted affectivity are common to schizoid, schizotypal, and paranoid personality disorders,
schizoid personality disorder can be distinguished from schizotypal personality disorder by the lack of cognitive and perceptual distortions and from paranoid personality disorder by the lack of suspiciousness and paranoid ideation. The social isolation of schizoid per­sonality disorder can be distinguished from that of avoidant personality disorder, which is attributable to fear of being embarrassed or found inadequate and excessive anticipation of rejection. In contrast, people with schizoid personality disorder have a more pervasive detachment and limited desire for social intimacy. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may also show an apparent social detachment stemming from devo­tion to work and discomfort with emotions, but they do have an underlying capacity for intimacy.

55
Q

What is ideas of reference which is commonly observed in schizotypal personality disorder?

A

Ideas of reference are in­correct interpretations of casual incidents and external events as having a particular and unusual meaning specifically for the person. These should be distin­guished from delusions of reference, in which the beliefs are held with delusional convic­tion.

56
Q

What separates schizotypal personality disorder from paranoid and schizoid personality disorders?

A

Although paranoid and schizoid personality disor­ders may also be characterized by social detachment and restricted affect, schizotypal personality disorder can be distinguished from these two diagnoses by the presence of cognitive or perceptual distortions and marked eccentricity or oddness.

57
Q

How does schizotypal personality disorder differ from avoidant personality disorder?

A

Close relation­ships are limited in both schizotypal personality disorder and avoidant personality dis­order; however, in avoidant personality disorder an active desire for relationships is constrained by a fear of rejection, whereas in schizotypal personality disorder there is a lack of desire for relationships and persistent detachment.

58
Q

How does schizotypal personality disorder differ from borderline personality disorder?

A

Individuals with borderline personality disorder may also have transient, psychotic-like symptoms, but these are usually more closely related to affective shifts in response to stress (e.g., intense anger, anxiety, disappointment) and are usually more dissociative (e.g., derealization, depersonalization). In contrast, individuals with schizotypal personality disorder are more likely to have enduring psychotic-like symp­toms that may worsen under stress but are less likely to be invariably associated with pro­nounced affective symptoms. Although social isolation may occur in borderline personality disorder, it is usually secondary to repeated interpersonal failures due to angry outbursts and frequent mood shifts, rather than a result of a persistent lack of social contacts and de­sire for intimacy. Furthermore, individuals with schizotypal personality disorder do not usually demonstrate the impulsive or manipulative behaviors of the individual with bor­derline personality disorder. However, there is a high rate of co-occurrence between the two disorders, so that making such distinctions is not always feasible.

59
Q

Compare borderline personality disorder from dependent personality disorder.

A

Both dependent personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are characterized by fear of abandonment; however, the individual with borderline person­ality disorder reacts to abandonment with feelings of emotional emptiness, rage, and de­mands, whereas the individual with dependent personality disorder reacts with increasing appeasement and submissiveness and urgently seeks a replacement relationship to provide caregiving and support. Borderline personality disorder can further be distinguished from dependent personality disorder by the typical pattern of unstable and intense relationships.

60
Q

Differentiate histrionic personality disorder from antisocial personality disorder.

A

Individuals with histrionic personality disorder are manipulative to gain nurturance, whereas those with antisocial personality disorder are manipulative to gain profit, power, or some other material gratification.

61
Q

Differentiate histrionic personality disorders from narcissistic personality disorder.

A

Al­though individuals with narcissistic personality disorder also crave attention from others, they usually want praise for their ‘“superiority,” whereas individuals with histrionic per­sonality disorder are willing to be viewed as fragile or dependent if this is instrumental in getting attention. Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder may exaggerate the intimacy of their relationships with other people, but they are more apt to emphasize the “VIP” status or wealth of their friends.

62
Q

Differrentiate dependent personality disorder from histrionic personality disorder.

A

In dependent personality disorder, the individual is excessively dependent on others for praise and guidance, but is without the flamboyant, exaggerated, emotional features of individuals with histrionic personality disorder.

63
Q

What discriminates narcissitic personality disorder from other personality disorders?

A

The most useful feature in discriminating narcissistic personality disorder from histrionic, antisocial, and borderline personality disorders, in which the interactive styles are coquettish, callous, and needy, respectively, is the grandi­osity characteristic of narcissistic personality disorder.

64
Q

What distinguish narcissistic personality disorder from borderline personslity disorder?

A

The relative stability of self-image as well as the relative lack of self-destructiveness, impulsivity, and abandonment concerns also help distinguish narcissistic personality disorder from borderline personality disor­der.

65
Q

Differentiate narcissistic from histrionic personality disorder.

A

Excessive pride in achievements, a relative lack of emotional display, and disdain for others’ sensitivities help distinguish narcissistic personality disorder from histrionic personality disorder.

66
Q

Compare paranoid and avoidant personality disorder.

A

Individuals with avoidant personality disorder want to have relationships with others and feel their loneliness deeply, whereas those with schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder may be content with and even prefer their social isola­tion. Paranoid personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder are both character­ized by a reluctance to confide in others. However, in avoidant personality disorder, this reluctance is attributable more to a fear of being embarrassed or being found inadequate than to a fear of others’ malicious intent.

67
Q

Distinguish dependent personality disorder from borderline personality disorder.

A

Both dependent personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are characterized by fear of abandonment; however, the individual with borderline personality disorder reacts to abandonment with feelings of emotional emp­tiness, rage, and demands, whereas the individual with dependent personality disorder re­acts with increasing appeasement and submissiveness and urgently seeks a replacement relationship to provide caregiving and support.

68
Q

Differentiate histrionic from dependentersonality dirsorder.

A

Individuals with histrionic personality disorder, like those with dependent personality disorder, have a strong need for reassurance and approval and may ap­pear childlike and clinging. However, unlike dependent personality disorder, which is characterized by self-effacing and docile behavior, histrionic personality disorder is charac­terized by gregarious flamboyance with active demands for attention.

69
Q

Differentiate dependent personality disorder from avoidant personality disorder.

A

Both dependent personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder are characterized by feelings of in­adequacy, hypersensitivity to criticism, and a need for reassurance; however, individuals with avoidant personality disorder have such a strong fear of humiliation and rejection that they withdraw until they are certain they will be accepted. In contrast, individuals with de­pendent personality disorder have a pattern of seeking and maintaining connections to im­portant others, rather than avoiding and withdrawing from relationships.

70
Q

Many of the features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder overlap with what personality characteristics?

A

Many of the features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder overlap with “type A” personality characteristics (e.g., preoccupation with work, competitiveness, time urgency), and these features may be present in people at risk for myocardial infarction.

71
Q

Differentiate obssessive compulsive personality disorder from narcissistic personality disorder.

A

Individuals with narcissistic per­sonality disorder may also profess commitment to perfectionism and believe that others cannot do things as well, but these individuals are more likely to believe that they have achieved perfection, whereas those with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are usually self-critical.

72
Q

What distinguishes personality disorder from personality traits?

A

When personality characteristics interfere with relationships with
others, cause the person distress, or in general disrupt activities of
daily living, we consider these to be “personality disorders”.

73
Q

Unlike other psychological disorders, personality disorders are chronic; they do not come and go but originate in childhood and continue throughout adulthood. True or False?

A

True

74
Q

What differentiate personality disorder in terms of distress?

A

Individuals with personality disorders may not feel any subjective distress, however; indeed, it may in fact be others who acutely feel distress because of the actions of the person with the disorder. In certain cases, someone other than the person with the personality disorder must decide whether the disorder is causing significant functional impairment, because the affected person often cannot make such a judgment.

75
Q

Specify the main beliefs associated with different personality disorders.

A

Paranoid - I cannot trust people
Schizotypal - It’s better to be isolated from others
Schizoid - Relationships are messy, undesirable
Histrionic - People are there to serve or admire me
Narcissistic - Since I am special, I deserve special rules
Borderline - I deserve to be punished
Antisocial - I am entitled to break rules
Avoidant - If people knew the “real” me, they will reject me
Dependent - I need people to survive, be happy
Obsessive-compulsive - People should do better, try harder

76
Q

Why does establishing a meaningful therapeutic alliance between the
client and the therapist is an important first step in treating persons with paranoid personality disorder?

A

Because people with paranoid personality disorder are mistrustful of everyone, they are unlikely to seek professional help when they need it and they have difficulty developing the trusting relationships necessary for successful therapy.

77
Q

Historically, the word schizotype was used to describe people who
were predisposed to develop schizophrenia. True or False?

A

True

78
Q

The characteristic of instability (in emotion,
interpersonal relationships, self-concept, and behavior) is seen as
a core feature with some describing this group as being —.

A

“stably unstable”

79
Q

Although —- seems to play an important role in the etiology of borderline personality disorder, neither appears to be necessary or sufficient to produce the syndrome.

A

childhood sexual abuse and physical abuse

80
Q

What cognitive style is associated with histrionic personality disorder which is characterized by a tendency to view situations in global, black-and-white terms. Speech is often vague, lacking in detail, and characterized by exaggeration.

A

Impressionistic

81
Q

How does avoidant differs from dependent personality disorder?

A

People with avoidant personality disorder respond to feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to criticism and need for reassurance by avoiding relationships, whereas those with dependent personality disorder respond by clinging to relationships.

82
Q

What could possibly hinder the treatment of a person with dependent personality disorder?

A

On the surface, because of their attentiveness and eagerness to give responsibility for their problems to the therapist, people with dependent personality disorder can appear to be ideal patients. That very submissiveness, however, negates one of the major goals of therapy, which is to make the person more independent and personally. Therapy therefore progresses gradually as the patient develops confidence in his ability to make decisions independently. There is a particular need for care that the patient does not become overly dependent on the therapist.

83
Q

These are acts involving intentional self-injurious behavior with or without suicidal intent, including both suicide attempts and self-mutilative behaviors.

A

Parasuicidal Acts