Personality Development

Question 1

Do children’s individual differences impact their adult life?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What 3 factors mature as you age for all children (ideally)

Answer 2

• self control
• interpersonal sensitivity
• emotional stability

Question 3

Rank order consistency

Answer 3

Maintain ways that we are different from other people the same age

Question 4

Is personality stability higher in older or younger people?

Answer 4

Older

Question 5

Are personality disorders stable?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Approach (motivation)

Answer 6

Reward driven

Question 7

Avoidance (motivation)

Answer 7

Punishment avoidance

Question 8

What traits do approach oriented people have

Answer 8

High extraversion, risk taking, enjoy new situations

Question 9

What traits do avoidance oriented people have

Answer 9

Higher in neuroticism, lower in satisfaction, lower in self esteem

Question 10

What neural patterns do approach oriented people have

Answer 10

More left frontal activity

Question 11

What neural patterns do avoidance oriented people have

Answer 11

More right frontal activity

Question 12

Do avoidance oriented or approach oriented students do better on tests?

Answer 12

Approach oriented (avoidance will hinder themselves thinking about failure)

Question 13

Defensive pessimism

Answer 13

Coping mechanism to motivate goal seeking behaviour (over prepared)

Question 14

What is temperament

Answer 14

Biological, inheritable aspects of personality

Question 15

At what age are personality differences detectable?

Answer 15

3-4 years

Question 16

Reactivity

Answer 16

Responsivity and arousability of behavioural and psychological systems

Question 17

Self-regulation

Answer 17

Neural and behavioural processes functioning to modulate underlying activity

Question 18

Are reactivity and regulation the same thing?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Emotional regulation

Answer 19

Ability to exert control over emotional state

Question 20

How do children learn emotional regulation

Answer 20

Through adults (co-regulation)

Question 21

Behavioural inhibition

Answer 21

Responding to new objects/situations/people

Question 22

Do babies or 2 year olds show more behavioural expression?

Answer 22

Babies, 2 year olds start to understand norms and have higher regulatory ability

Question 23

Do children with high or low inhibition grow up to be introverts?

Answer 23

High

Question 24

Shyness

Answer 24

Higher arousal around new people/situations

Question 25

What's the difference between shyness and behavioural inhibition

Answer 25

Shyness is more specific and social in nature

Question 26

What are the 2 causes of shyness

Answer 26

Fear and self-consciousness

Question 27

Fearful shyness

Answer 27

Fear in response to social situation

Question 28

Which develops first, fearful or self-conscious shyness?

Answer 28

Fear

Question 29

High social approach x low social avoidance =

Answer 29

Sociable

Question 30

Low social approach x low social avoidance =

Answer 30

unsociable

Question 31

High social approach x high social avoidance =

Answer 31

conflicted shy

Question 32

low social approach x low social avoidance

Answer 32

Avoidant shy

Question 33

Effortful control

Answer 33

Ability to inhibit dominant response and focus/shift attention as needed

Question 34

Negative emotionality

Answer 34

Tendency to experience negative effect

Question 35

Surgency

Answer 35

Tendency to experience positive effect

Question 36

heterotypic continuity

Answer 36

Same underlying processes underlie different behaviours at different ages

Question 37

When does openness to experience begin to increase

Answer 37

11-18

Question 38

How do children learn to become mature members of society

Answer 38

Socialization

Question 39

Learning based approach

Answer 39

Implies everyone should behave the same in same environment/situaition

Question 40

Habituation

Answer 40

Simple form of behaviour change is result of experience

Question 41

Affective forecasting

Answer 41

Overestimation of the emotional impact of future events

Question 42

Social learning theory

Answer 42

Humans learn nearly everything by observation, including positive behaviours

Question 43

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 43

Person's behaviour causes the environment and the environment causes the behaviour

Question 44

Differential susceptibility

Answer 44

Negative temperamental characteristics render children more susceptible to positive and negative environmental influences

Question 45

Cumulative continuity

Answer 45

Rank order stability increases in adulthood

Question 46

Why does cumulative continuity happen?

Answer 46

- Better self view - More consistent behaviour - More consistent environment

Question 47

How does your personality change as you get older

Answer 47

- more conscientious and agreeable - less neurotic - increase in assertiveness (part of extraversion)

Question 48

Social investment theory

Answer 48

Personalities mature as young people enter important adult social roles