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MCAT - Psych/Soc > Personality & Behaviour (C4) > Flashcards

Personality & Behaviour (C4) Flashcards

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1
Q

OCEAN Model

A 
O = openness
C = conscientiousness
E = extraversion
A = agreeableness
N = neuroticism
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2
Q

Personality

A

our thoughts, feelings, ways of thinking about things, beliefs and behaviours; core component of who we consider ourselves to be

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3
Q

Life course perspective

A

multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from cultural, social, and structural perspective
family structure, SES, demographics, disorder prevalence, age and health, major life events

contextual issues in life

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

personality is shaped largely by the unconscious
mental illness, or neurosis, is the result of unconscious conflicts which often stem from childhood

unconscious causes behaviour

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5
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

Freud

A

human behaviour motivated by:

  • libido/life drive: drives beh focused on pleasure, survival, and avoidance of pain
  • death drive: drives dangerous/destructive behaviours, and underlies the desire to hurt oneself or others
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6
Q

Id

A

largely unconscious, responsible for our desire to avoid pain and seek pleasure

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7
Q

Ego

A

logical thinking and planning as we deal w/ reality

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8
Q

Superego

A

moral judgements of right and wrong and strives for perfection

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9
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

A
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10
Q

Oral

A

0-1
mouth
successful resolution = weaning
fixation: oral aggression or oral passivity

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11
Q

Anal

A

1-3
anus
successful resolution = toilet training
fixation: anal retention or anal repulsion

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12
Q

Phallic

A

3-6
genitals (presence/absence of penis) - Oedipus complex (males), Electra complex (females)
successful resolution = gender identification
fixation: difficulty with intimate relationships

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13
Q

Latency

A

6-12
no erogenous zone
successful resolution = social interaction
fixation: arrested development

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14
Q

Genital

A

12+
other people’s genitals
successful resolution = intimate relationships
fixation: fixation in prior stage could result in sexual and intimacy issues

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15
Q

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

A
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16
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

0-1

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17
Q

Autonomy vs Shame

A

1-3

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18
Q

Initiative vs Guilt

A
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19
Q

Industry vs Inferiority

A

6-12

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20
Q

Identity vs Role Confusion

A

12-18

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21
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation

A

18-35

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22
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation

A

35-60

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23
Q

Integrity vs Despair

A

60+

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24
Q

Behaviourist Perspective

A

personality is result of learned behaviour patterns based on our env
BF Skinner: personality is result of interaction b/w ind and env
- only observable/measureable beh
- personality is deterministic; ppl begin as blank slates, then reinforcement and punishment completely determine subsequent beh and personalities
use conditioning to shape beh
- classical
- operant

rewards and punishments determine personality

25
Q

Humanist Perspective

A

humans are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential, and personality conflicts arise when this is thwarted
Carl Rogers: instead of stages, human dev progresses from undifferentiated to differentiated
- main goal of dev is establishment of a differentiated self-concept
- self actualization is more easily accomplished when parents exhibit unconditional positive regard
- those raised with conditional positive regard will only feel worthy when they’ve met certain conditions

integrated self-concept and self-actualization

26
Q

Social Cognitive Perspective

A

personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioural, cognitive, and env factors
Albert Bandura: patterns of beh are learned not just through classical and operant conditioning, but also through observational learning
- cognitive processes are involved in both observational learning and the development of beliefs about self-efficacy

behaviourist + observational

27
Q

Observational Learning

A

aka social learning
learning that occurs through modelling, when we observe beh of another and learn to imitate it
fundamental tenet of Social Learning Theory that Bandura renamed Social Cognitive Theory

28
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

children more likely to imitate beh that others were rewarded for

29
Q

Bobo doll experiment

A

observational learning demonstrated experimentally, Bandura

can learn through observation even through absence of reinforcement/punishment

30
Q

Trait Perspective

A

personality is a result of traits, which are habitual patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion that are relatively stable over time

Raymond Cattell: 5 global factors (source traits)
- extraversion, anxiety, receptivity, accommodation, self-control
5-Factor Model:
- extroversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness

31
Q

Cardinal traits

A

rare, develop later in life; dominate and ind’s whole life, person becomes speciofically know for these traits
ex: Martin Luther King Jr
not everyone has them

32
Q

Central traits

A

general ccharacteristics that form the basic foundations of personality and describe ppl across diff situations
generally who you are
everyone has them

33
Q

Secondary traits

A

sometimes related to attitudes or preferences, characteristics that are dependent on the situation
some of the time

34
Q

Hans Eysenck - Trait Theory

A

proposed that genetics primarily determine personality
5–>2
variations in extraversion and neuroticism give rise to personality traits
b/c of emphasis on genetic factors, he was proponent of the biological perspective
Hans’ HANds

35
Q

Biological Perspective

A

personality is the result of ind differences in brain biology
brain = personality
Phineas Gage
Examples:
- amygdala size correlates with characteristics related to neuroticism
- anterior cingulate cortex density and connections correlate with delay of gratification and long-term planning
- pre-frontal cortex damage can cause a seeming ‘lack of morality’

36
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

A field in which variation among inds is separated into genetic vs env components
nature vs nurture

37
Q

Heritability

A

metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic differences

38
Q

Behavioural Genetics Methodologies

A 
Family studies
Twin studies:
- monozygotic - share 100% of genes
- dizygotic - share 50% of genes
Adoption studies
39
Q

Therapeutic Methods

A

Perspective:
Root of conflicts:
How to treat?:
Therapy:

40
Q

Pyschodynamic Psychotherapy

A

Perspective: psychoanalytic
Root of conflicts: unconscious, ie childhood experiences
How to treat?: bring more psychic facts into conscious awareness
Therapy: hypnosis, free association, dream analysis

41
Q

Client-Centered Therapy

A

Perspective: humanistic
Root of conflicts: conditional positive regard - ie trouble reaching self-actualization
How to treat?: let client guide process while providing unconditional positive regard

42
Q

Behavioural Therapy

A

Perspective: behavioural
Root of conflicts: reinforcement and punishment - ie env
How to treat?: reinforce better behs
Therapy: operant conditioning

43
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A

Perspective: social cognitive
Root of conflicts: behaviourism + cognition and observation/env
How to treat?: reinforce better thoughts, provide better models

44
Q

Motivation

A

driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways, including:

  • instincts: unlearned behs in fixed patterns throughout a species (desire to deal w/ crying baby)
  • drives: urges originating from physiological discomfort, such as hunger pangs or dry throat (often through neg. feedback –> homeostasis)
  • needs: biological needs as well as the “higher-level” needs, like love and belonging
  • arousal: restlessness, boredom, or curiosity may motivate behaviour even when other needs are met
45
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to address that need by engaging in some behaviour that will reduce the arousal

  • homeostasis*
    ex: need = food/water –> drive = hunger/thirst –> drive-reducing behs = eating/drinking
46
Q

Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs

A 
not all needs are created equal, some needs take priority over others
top = self-actualization
esteem needs
love and belonging
safety needs
base = physiological needs
47
Q

Incentive Theory

A

incentives are external stimuli, objects and events in the env that either help induce or discourage certain behs
+ or -

48
Q

Emotion

A

3 components:

1) physiological/bodily:
- arousal, or an excitation of our body’s internal state
- increased HR, shivering/shaking, pupil dilating, increased breathing, sweating
2) cognitive:
- appraisal and interpretation of the situation
- fight or flight, labeling, “I am feeling fear”
3) behavioural/action:
- expressive behaviours that accompany the emotion
- playing dead, run, bear spray, fight, back away slowly

49
Q

Theories of Emotion

A
50
Q

James-Lange

A

stimulus –> physiological response –> emotion

physiological arousal causes emotion

51
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

stimulus –> physiological response/emotion

emotion and physiological arousal happen simultaneously

52
Q

Schachter-Singer

A

Stimulus –> physiological response –> cognitive interpretation –> emotion
emotion is determined by arousal and context

53
Q

Optimal Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

A

there is an optimal level of emotional arousal for performance

54
Q

Universal Emotions

A

emotions expressed by all (normally developing) humans across all cultures

55
Q

Stress

A

stressors: events that pose a threat to our physical or mental well-being
Types of Stressors:
- daily hassles: everyday irritations in life
- ambient stressors: part of our env.; might operate outside of awareness, but put stress on our system
- significant life changes: personal events with major impact on our lives; can be pleasant (marriage, birth) or unpleasant (divorce, death)
- catastrophes: unpredictable, large-scale events like natural disasters and wartime events

56
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

A

env. stressor –> hypothalamus –> pituitary –> adrenal glands
H - CRH
P - ACTH
A - Cortisol

57
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

we feel tension whenever we hold 2 thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible, or when our attitudes and behaviours don’t match

58
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

alarm –> resistance –> exhaustion

MCAT - Psych/Soc (6 decks)

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