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Year 12 Psychology > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is personality?

A

Personality refers to the complexly networks of emotions, cognition a and behaviours that provide coherence and direction to a person’s life

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2
Q

Who theorised psychodynamic conceptions of personality?

A

Sigmund Freud

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of personality aka; the 3 levels of mental processes

A

Conscious, pre conscious and unconscious

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4
Q

What do each three mental processes mean?

A

Conscious: mental processes we are aware of only small part in our mind
EXAMPLE: reading off a slide

Preconscious: things we are not currently aware of but can bring to the conscious level
EXAMPLE: Phone number

Unconscious: underlying emotions, feelings and memories hidden from a view. Cannot bring to conscious level
EXAMPLE: traumatic events, harmful thoughts

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5
Q

What is the Freudian slip?

A

When someone accidentally says something that is revealing about their subconscious feelings

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6
Q

3 mental forces

A

Id, ego and superego

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7
Q

What is the id

A

We are born with it.

Instincts contained in the unconscious.

Based on pleasure, demands immediate gratification if it’s urges .

EXAMPLE: Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for the server to refill her glass, she reaches across the table and drank mr. Smiths glass

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8
Q

What is the ego

A

The ego emerges from the first years of life.

Deals with demands of the realities of life in a rational way

EXAMPLE: Sally was thirsty. However she knew the waiter would be back to refill her glass so she waited until then to get a drink.

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9
Q

What is the superego

A

Develops by the age of 5 due to moral restraints.

The moral principle of personality beliefs about right and wrong. (How we ought to behave)

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10
Q

What is internal conflict?

A

Behaviour is the outcome of on-going internal conflict between the id, ego and super ego.

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11
Q

What are defence mechanisms

A

Are used to resolve conflicts unconsciously, between the id ego and superego.

They protect a person from unpleasant emotions.

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12
Q

Name 3 defence mechanisms and explain

A

Repression: keeps distressed thoughts buried in the unconscious
EXAMPLE: soldier has no recollection of a close brush with death

projection: attributing ones own thoughts and feelings to another.
EXAMPLE: a man who is unsure about his sexuality projects his anger into gays

denial: refusal to acknowledge reality
EXAMPLE: someone who refuses to believe that they have cancer

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13
Q

What are psychosexual stages of development?

A

Freud believed that humans have sexual energy that develops through 5 psychosexual stages

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14
Q

What is s fixation?

A

An unsuccessful completion of a specific psychosexual stage where they become fixated on this stage experiencing anxiety which will affect adult personality and mental health

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15
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development

A

Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage and genital stage

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16
Q

What is the oral stage

A

The oral stage develops between 0-18 months

When an infant received erotic stimulation via mouth as it sucks bites and chews.

Fixation of this: adult seeks satisfaction through the mouth such as overeating, smoking or nail biting

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17
Q

What is the anal stage

A

Anal stage is from 18 months to 3 years

Child is toilet trekking and takes pleasure in both retaining and expelling faeces

Fixation 1: anal retentive: controlling, hoarding and excessively neat

Fixation 2: anal expulsive: messy, untidy and disorganised

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18
Q

What is the phallic stage

A

Develops from 3 years to 6 years old

Erotic focus on sex organs and curious about genital differences

Fixation 1: Oedipus complex: boy falls in love with his mum and sees his father as a hatred rival for her love

Fixation 2: Electra complex: girl falls in love with dad. Learns boys have different genitsks and develops “penis envy.”

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19
Q

Latency stage

A

Develops at age 6 to puberty

Childs sexuality is largely suppressed and there is no erotic focus

No specific fixation

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20
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

Puberty onwards

Focuses on genitals and sexual relations develop

No specific fixation

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21
Q

What are personality assessments

A

Projective tests: designed to access mental processes from the unconscious part of the mind

22
Q

What form of personality assessments are used

A

Word association test: analyse responses to a word (what they say / how quickly) will tell psychologists about the persons unconscious mind.

Thematic apperception test: the client is shown vague pictures usually about people interacting and is asked to make stories about them.

Rorschach inkblot test: say what a series of inkblot shapes look like

23
Q

Validity and reliability of projective tests

A

Validity: projective tests may not measure what they are set to measure (traits)

Reliability: as results can be biased or false, they may not be consistent if test is repeated

24
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of freuds theory

A

Adv: provides an insight into the unconscious mind and it allows a complete description of personality as it takes into account past experiences

Disadvantage: there is no evidence and is difficult to test. It is also very biased.

25
Q

Who theorised the humanistic conception?

A

Abraham Maslow

26
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs

A

The hierarchy of needs has 4 lower needs “deficiency” and 4 higher needs “growth.”

Lower need must be met before moving up to the next level

27
Q

What are the growth needs

A

Transcendence: helping others to reach their potential

Self actualisation: realising ones full potential

Aesthetic needs: needs for aesthetic beauty

cognitive needs: needs to know and understand

28
Q

What are the deficiency needs

A

Esteem needs: self respect. High self esteem

Belonging and love needs: close relationships with other people or group members

Safety needs. Security, protection and no fear of ones life

Physiological needs: food, water, air, sleep

29
Q

What is self actualisation

A

People strive to achieve self actualisation to be the best they can be

30
Q

What are peak experiences

A

They are profound, joyous and ecstatic moments that are important in achieving self actualisation

31
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the humanistic conception

A

Advantages: gives a positive outlook and emphasises individual choice and responsibility

Disadvantages: lacks evidence and is subjective and it also impossible to skip steps in the hierarchy

32
Q

Who is the trait conceptions theorised by

A

Hand eyesenck

33
Q

What is the trait conceptions theory

A

Suggests that personality is based on a number of relatively stable characteristics or traits

34
Q

What are the 3 personality dimensions

A

Neuroticism vs stability

Extroversion vs introversion

Psychoticism vs impulse control

35
Q

What is low and high on the neuroticism scale

A

Low = calm, collected, carefree, even tempered and emotionally stable

High= anxious, nervous, worried, moody and unstable

36
Q

Extroversion scale high and low

A

Low= quiet, shy, introspective, reliable and reserved
Introverts have an under aroused outer layer of the brain

High= outgoing, loud, social, optimistic and unreliable

37
Q

Psychoticism scale high and low

A

Low= socialised, empathetic

High= troublesome, socially withdrawn, unusual emotional expression and uncooperative

38
Q

What des temperament mean

A

It is used when referring to the parts of personality that appear to be distinctive in a person from birth, perhaps a result of genetics

(E.g neuroticism, extroversion)

39
Q

What is factor analysis

A

It reduces large amounts of data into categories called factors

40
Q

An example of standard self report inventories

A

EPQ TEST = eyesenck personality questionnaire which his a form of objective quantitative data

41
Q

What does standardised mean

A

Means they are designed to be administered and scored in a specified uniform matter to ensure comparability

42
Q

What is a self report

A

Means that people complete the test themselves

43
Q

What does inventory mean

A

Means a series of questions

This can be checklists and rating scales

44
Q

What are strengths and weaknesses of trait conception theory

A

Strengths: theories can be tested scientifically, and conventionally describe the structure of personality

Weaknesses: there is no agreement about how many traits exist or are necessary

45
Q

What is a clinical interview

A

Conducted by qualified profession to asses psychological profile of patient

46
Q

What is behaviour observation

A

Identify the trait out wish to asses

The specific behaviours that make up a trait are listed in a checklist and the observers to a behaviour count

It is an objective method

47
Q

Ethics of projective tests

A

They have poor reliability and validity. Need informed consent and need to respect privacy through confidentiality

48
Q

What does intervention mean

A

To change undesirable behaviour to a desired behaviour

49
Q

What is assertiveness training

A

Helps person to learn to stand up for their rights without violating the rights of others

50
Q

What is a psychological intervention

A

THE ROR ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING

51
Q

What is the ROR method

A

ROR = rehearse, over learn, repeat

R= prepare for specific scenario us using I statements such as “I feel” or “I want”

O: practice how to approach people and should be done so often responses are automatic

R: use broken record method. Speak in a variation of different ways

Year 12 Psychology (5 decks)

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