Intro To Psych Flashcards
What type investigation designs are there
Experimental design
Quantitative observational design
Qualitative design
What is a quantitative observational design?
If a researcher chooses to collect quantitative data by observing pre-existing criteria and variables, the study would be called a quantitative observational investigation described as having s quantitative observational design
Main features of a quantitative observational design
No cause and effect
Cannot manipulate the IV because it is pre existing
What is a qualitative design
A qualitative design is two common groups of investigations. These are focus groups and the Delphi technique
Main features of qualitative design
Focus group and delphi technique
What is a focus group
A focus group refers to a group interview technique that obtains data through discussion between research participants in a group setting.
Advantages and disadvantages of focus group
Adv- it can encourage participants to talk
Disadv: participants might not feel comfortable to communicate
What are the main features of a focus group
Features 6-12 people and is led by a facilitator
What is Delphi technique
The Delphi technique uses a series of self-administered questionnaires and feedback to obtain the opinions of experts in a field of interest.
What are advantages and disadvantages of the Delphi technique
Advantages- enables small or large groups of experts to be contacted easily
Disadvantages: forces consensus and the agreed upon opinion may have been weakened by not allowing discussion
Main features of Delphi technique
Snowball effect
Questionnaire
Expert opinion
What is Experimental design
An experimental design is used to test whether one variable or factor influences or caused change in another variable
Main features of an experimental design are
Independent variable: the Iv is manipulated
Dependent variable: used to measure effects Dv
Extraneous variables
Random allocation
What are extraneous barbican led
An unintended variable can cause changes in the dependent variable.
Such as
Participant variable: age, gender, culture
Situational variable: noise, temp, weather
Experimenter: attitude, observer bias
What is random allocation in an experimental design
Participants are randomly allocated into two groups
- experimental group: receive the experiment
- control group: controlled and not exposed to the experiment
Advantages and disadvantages of experimental design
Advantages: researcher attempts to control the conditions to prevent extraneous variables.
Involves iV to observe the effect on the DV
disadvantages: could be unethical or impossible to randomly assign participants to groups
What is content analysis?
Content analysis is used to analyse data from focus groups and Delphi technique. (Using coding)
—-Careful reading of all responses and looking for patterns in what people said
Advantages and disadvantages of of quantitative investigations
Advantages: can study some topics that experiments cannot
Disadvantages: does not allow conclusions about the cause and effect
Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative investigations
Advantages: good for investigating attitude, opinions and experiences
Disadvantages: it is subjective
Is there such thing as qualitative objective data
No
What is objective data?
Objective data is based on measurements that are directly observed and proven
What is subjective data?
Subjective data is based on self reports and is not factual information
What is an objective quantitative measure
It collects numerical data using objective methods.
Such as:
Psychological: - body temp, heart rate, skin test
Behaviour count:- checklist
Standardised testing: -IQ Test, personality test
What is reliability?
Reliability refers to how consistent the results of measurement are
What is validity
Validity refers to whether s measurement took actually measures what it is supposed to measure
What is face validity and external validity
Fave: refers to whether a measure appears as though what it is meant to measure
External: whether or not conclusions drawn from results are correct in other situations
What is he mean median and mode
And standard deviation
Mean: is the average of scores (add scores and divide by how many)
Median: mid point
Range: difference between highest and lowest value
Standard deviation: summaries how far a score differs from the mean
Ethics
Informed consent
Voluntary participation
Withdrawal rights
Confidentiality
Debriefing
