Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking

Question 2

Free Association

Answer 2

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring at the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

Question 3

Psychoanalysis

Answer 3

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used ion treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Question 4

Unconscious

Answer 4

according to Freud a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists information processing of which we are unaware

Question 5

Id

Answer 5

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive tendencies pleasure principle

Question 6

Ego

Answer 6

the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud meditates among the demands of the id superego and reality. Reality Principle.

Question 7

Superego

Answer 7

the part of personality that according to Freud represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and future aspirations

Question 8

psychosexual stages

Answer 8

the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure - seeking energies focus on distinct zones

Question 9

Oedipus Complex

Answer 9

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Question 10

Identification

Answer 10

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos

Question 11

Fixation

Answer 11

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure - seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Question 12

Defense Mechanism

Answer 12

in psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 13

Repression

Answer 13

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety - arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Question 14

Regression

Answer 14

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings opposite of their unconscious ones

Question 15

Projection

Answer 15

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Question 16

Rationalization

Answer 16

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones acts

Question 17

Displacement

Answer 17

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less-threatening object

Question 18

Denial

Answer 18

defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe reality

Question 19

Collective Unconsciousness

Answer 19

Carl Jung’s concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

Question 20

Projective Test

Answer 20

a personality test such as the rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics

Question 21

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 21

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interestes through the stories they make up

Question 22

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 22

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Question 23

Terror-Management Theory

Answer 23

a theory of death related anxiety, explores people’s emotional and behaviorial responses to reminders of their impending death

Question 24

Self-Actualization

Answer 24

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Question 25

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 25

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Question 26

Self-Concept

Answer 26

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to “Who am I”

Question 27

Trait

Answer 27

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to believe and act as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

Question 28

Personality Inventory

Answer 28

a questionnaire on which people respond to items gauged to a wide range of feelings and behaviors; assesses selected personality traits

Question 29

MMPI

Answer 29

originally developed to identify emotional disorders but now for multipurpose

Question 30

Empirically Derived Test

Answer 30

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Question 31

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Answer 31

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

Question 32

Reciprocal Determinant

Answer 32

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and environment

Question 33

Personal Control

Answer 33

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

Question 34

External Locus of Control

Answer 34

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your control determine your fate

Question 35

Internal Locus of Control

Answer 35

the perception that you control your own fate

Question 36

Learned Helplessness

Answer 36

the hopelessness and passive resignation that an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated averse events

Question 37

Positive Psychology

Answer 37

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to strive