Personality Flashcards
how does the psychoanalytic perspective view personality?
as resulting from unconscious urges and desires
Freud’s theory
his theories are based on the id (base urges of survival and reproduction), the superego (the idealist and perfectionist), and the ego (the mediator between the two and the conscious mind). the ego makes use of defense mechanism to reduce stress caused by the urges of the id and the superego
Jung
he assumed a collective unconscious that links all humans together. he viewed personality as being influenced by archetypes
Adler and Horney
they have distanced themselves from freud’s theories, claiming that the unconscious is motivated by social rather than sexual urges
whats the humanistic perspective about personality?
this perspective emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Rogers’ therapeutic approach of unconditional positive regard flow from the humanistic view of personality.
what do the type and trait theorist believe?
they believe that personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors
the ancient greeks
they devised personality types based on humors or bodily fluids, an imbalance of which could lead to various personality disorders
somatotypes
william sheldon proposed personality types based on body tape. he presumed all short, stocky people were jolly, all tall people were high-strung and aloof, and people in btween were strong and well-adjusted.
Type A and Type B
type A individs personalities are characterized by behavior that tends to be competitive and compulsive, while someone described as Type B is generally laid-back and relaxed.
Trait theoriests
instead, they use clusters of behaviors to describe individuals.
Hand and Sybil Eysenck used factor analysis to group behaviors that typically occur together and assigned labels to those groups.
what model did Hand and Sybil use?
the PEN model, which was used to describe 3 different traits:
- psychoticism is a measure of nonconformity or social deviance
- extraversion is a measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation
- neuroticism is a measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations.
what has the PEN theory been expanded to?
the Big Five, which uses dimensions of five traits: oppeness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
Mnemonic for the big five traits: OCEAN
openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
Allport and his types of traits
he identified three basic types of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary.
cardinal traits
are the traits around which a person organizes his or her life; not everyone develops a cardinal trait
Central traits
represents major characteristics of the personality
secondary traits
these are moer personal characteristics and are limited in occurrence
what’s the social cognitive perspective say?
it holds that individs interact with their environ in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. people mold their environs according to their personalites, and those environs in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
whats the behaviorist perspective say?
based on concept of operant conditioning, holds that personality can be described as the behaviors one has learned from prior rewards and punishments
biological theorist say…
that behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression
