personality

Question 1

psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 1

• first theory
• very famous but mostly bunk
• Sigmund Freud

Question 2

ego

Answer 2

reality principle

Question 3

preconcious

Answer 3

outside awareness but accessible

Question 4

superego

Answer 4

conscience

Question 5

id

Answer 5

pleasure principle

Question 6

unconscious mind

Answer 6

part of our mind containing wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are not aware

Question 7

Freud’s personality development

Answer 7

psychosexual stages based on erogenous zones

Question 8

oedipus complex

Answer 8

boy’s sexual desire for his mother coupled with jealousy and hatred for rival father

Question 9

electra complex

Answer 9

girl’s sexual desire for her father

Question 10

defense mechanisms

Answer 10

• how the Ego copes with conflicts between Id and moral constraints of society
• reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 11

repression

Answer 11

keeps unwanted thoughts, feelings, and memories away from consciousness

Question 12

reaction formation

Answer 12

• switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
• ex. a boy being mean to a girl bc he likes her

Question 13

projection

Answer 13

leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Question 14

Carl Jung

Answer 14

collective unconscious: our unconscious contains images derived from our species’ universal experiences

Question 15

Alfred Adler

Answer 15

emphasized social tensions of childhood rather than sexual

Question 16

Karen Horney

Answer 16

• shared Adler’s emphasis on social tensions of childhood
• countered Freud’s assumption that women have wear superegos and infantile tendencies

Question 17

projective personality tests

Answer 17

• used to assess unconscious processes
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Rorschach Inkblot Test
• not very reliable (lack of consistency)
• lacks validity (accuracy)

Question 18

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 18

• Henry Murray
• people express their personality through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 19

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 19

• most widely used
• Hermann Rorschach
• people’s interpretations of inkblots reflect their personaltiy

Question 20

humanistic perspective

Answer 20

• unlike Freud, focused on the potential of people
  
  • Self-Actualization

Question 21

self-actualization

Answer 21

process of fulfilling human potential

Question 22

Abraham Maslow

Answer 22

Hierarchy of Motives

Question 23

Carl Rogers

Answer 23

• Person-Centered Perspective
• everyone has potential for self-actualization

Question 24

unconditional positive regard

Answer 24

acceptance of others despite their failings

Question 25

components of person-centered approach

Answer 25

- acceptance - empathy - reflective listening - non-directive

Question 26

a trait is:

Answer 26

- characteristic pattern of behaviour - disposition to feel of act - stable over time

Question 27

Gordon Allport

Answer 27

1. cardinal/central/secondary traits 2. traits as creating "functional equivalence" across contexts

Question 28

assesing traits

Answer 28

- personality inventories - self-report questionnaires - true-false or Likert scale formats

Question 29

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 29

- developed mid 1900s - updated and still used by many clinical psychologists - empirically derived

Question 30

'discovering traits'

Answer 30

- statistical technique - identifies which characteristics are related to each other and together might identify a trait - based on lexical (relating to the words or vocabulary of a language) - factor analysis

Question 31

Hans and Sybil Eyesnick's Personality Dimensions

Answer 31

1. extraversion-introversion 2. emotional stability-instability

Question 32

the big five factors

Answer 32

**C**onscientiousness **A**greeableness **N**euroticism (emotional stability vs instability) **O**penness **E**xtraversion

Question 33

Walter Mischel

Answer 33

the person-situation controversy

Question 34

do traits or situations matter more for predicting behaviour?

Answer 34

- BOTH DO - **situations** can be powerful predictions of **short-term behaviour** - **traits** can predict 'average; or 'typical' behaviour over **long periods of time**

Question 35

social-cognitive perspective

Answer 35

- Albert Bondura - interaction between a person and their social context

Question 36

Internal locus of control

Answer 36

we can control our own fate

Question 37

external locus of control

Answer 37

outside forces determine our fate