Personality

Question 1

What is personality?

Answer 1

The unique characteristics accounting for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behavior.

Question 2

Freud’s Theory of Personality

Answer 2

He depended to a large extent on his ideas about the conscious and unconscious mind. Most of the content of our minds is in the unconscious. Personality develops as children pass through a series of psychosexual stages.

Question 3

Id

Answer 3

Basic instictual drives. Operates on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification).

Question 4

Ego

Answer 4

Mediates between id and reality. Operates on the reality principle (delayed gratification).

Question 5

Superego

Answer 5

Internalized moral standards; judges behavior as right or wrong.

Question 6

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Answer 6

Primarily influenced by sexuality and aggression.

Question 7

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 7

Unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety.

Question 8

Repression

Answer 8

Keeping unplesant memories or thoughts buried in the unconscious.

Question 9

Denial

Answer 9

Refusing to recognize an unpleasant reality.

Question 10

Rationalization

Answer 10

Creating a socially acceptable excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.

Question 11

Reaction Formation

Answer 11

Not acknowledging unacceptable impulses and over-emphasizing their opposite.

Question 12

Projection

Answer 12

Transferring one’s unacceptable qualities or impulses to others.

Question 13

Displacement

Answer 13

Diverting one’s impulses to a more acceptable target

Question 14

Sublimination

Answer 14

Challenging socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities.

Question 15

Regression

Answer 15

Reverting to immature ways of responding

Question 16

Identification

Answer 16

Enhancing self-esteem by imagining or forming alliances with others.

Question 17

Intellectialization

Answer 17

Ignoring troubling emotional aspects by focusing on abstract ideas or thoughts.

Question 18

Neo-Fraudians
Alfred Adler

Answer 18

Focused on social needs and the quest for superiority.

Question 19

Neo-Fraudians
Carl Jung

Answer 19

• Personal Unconcious: Individual experiences.
• Collective Unconcious: Shared archetypes.

Question 20

Karen Horney

Answer 20

Emphasized cultural influences and rejected Freud’s gender biases.

Question 21

Abraham Maslow

Answer 21

He proposed that personality arises from people’s striving to meet their needs.

Question 22

Self-actualization

Answer 22

The need of humans to fulfill their full and special potential is the highest level of need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Question 23

Carl Rogers

Answer 23

He based his theory of personality on his ideas about the importance of self-concept. He believed that children need unconditional positive regard to develop a healthy self-concept.

Question 24

Self-concept

Answer 24

Consistent self-perception

Question 25

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 25

Accepting individuals without conditions.

Question 26

Personal Traits

Answer 26

Tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations.

Question 27

Gordon Allport

Answer 27

Conducted deatiled case studies that sought to reveal the unique collection of traits at play for each individual. Developed the lexical hypothesis.

Question 28

Hans Eysenck

Answer 28

Using factor analysis, identified three personality superfactors.

Question 29

Superfactor

Answer 29

A fundamental dimension of personality made up of related clusters of personality traits.

Question 30

The Five-Factor Model (Big Five)

Answer 30

- Openness - Conscientiousness - Extroversion - Agreeableness - Neuroticism

Question 31

Situationism

Answer 31

Holds that behavior is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits.

Question 32

Interactionism

Answer 32

Focuses on the interactions between persons and situations.

Question 33

Amygdala

Answer 33

Emotion regulation

Question 34

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

Decision-making

Question 35

Social Role Theory

Answer 35

Theory that gender differences occur because girls and boys develop different behaviours and skills based largely on differences in gender role expectations.

Question 36

Individulist Cultures

Answer 36

Emphasize independence and personal achievement.

Question 37

Collectivist Cultures

Answer 37

Emphasize group harmony and interdependence.

Question 38

What is a Personality Disorder?

Answer 38

Is an inflexible pattern of inner experiences and outward behavior that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning.

Question 39

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 39

Characterized by severe instability in emotions and self-concept and high levels of volatility.

Question 40

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 40

Characterized by extreme and callous disregard for the feelings and rights of others.