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Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality word origin

A

It is derived from the latin word persona which means a mask

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2
Q

Def of personality by Norman Munn

A

Personality is a unique combination of individual’s physical structure, needs, interests, abilities and aptitudes

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3
Q

Def of personality by gordon allport

A

Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those pyschophysical systems that determines his unique adjustments to the environment

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4
Q

Heredity

A

Heredity implies all those characteristics that an individual inherits from its parents. It affects the physical and mental makeup of a person. It may also influence the self-concept which in turn may influence the personality makeup of an individual

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5
Q

Factors shaping personality

A
  1. Heredity
  2. Endocrine glands
  3. Family
  4. Peer group
  5. School
  6. Mass media
  7. Culture
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6
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gonads, pancreas, etc
Oversecretion or undersecretion of hormones produced by various glands may adversely affect the personality.
Oversecretion of thyroxin by thyroid leads to nrevous tension, irritability, restlessness and emotional instability

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7
Q

Family

A

Most important factors
elements related to family such as structure, socio-economic status, emotional, academic and cultural envirnoment, interactions between family members, child rearing practices etc have significant effects

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8
Q

Peer group

A

Peer groups are a pervasive aspect of our social life. The peer group may influence personality in a positive or negative manner.
For eg: healthy habits by being in good company and unhealthy habits by being in bad company

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9
Q

School

A

Plays an important role in personality development. elements related to school such as teaching-learning process, academic activities and co-curricular facilities provided, teachers’ rapport of students, school discipline and policies

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10
Q

Mass media

A

Mass media is a source of entertainment, socialization, informal education, etc
Nowadays everyone spends a ot of time infront of screen. the type of media consumed may adverself affect an individual’s personality.
for eg:it may help an individual stay up to date about current affairswhich positively affects personality
Contrastingly, addiction may cause disconnection with the world, egocentrism, sleep derivation, insecurity, anti-social behaviour, obesity, loneliness, etc

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11
Q

Culture

A

Every culture has its own set of values, beliefs, norms, etc influencing thoughts, feelings and behaviour patterns.
For eg: western culture is more individualistic and therefore an individual may put own needs above other while indian culture emphasizes collectivism and interdependence which may affect an individual’s personality

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12
Q

Perspectives of studying personality

A
  1. Psychoanalytic
  2. Humanistic
  3. Type
  4. Trait
  5. Social Cognitive
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13
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

This perspective emphasizes the role of early childhood experiences and unconscious mind in the development of personality

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14
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

This perspectives assumes the importance of free will and psychological growth in the devlopment of personality of an individual

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15
Q

Trait perspective

A

This perspective assumes that every individual possess specific traits in different quantities and so every individual has a unique personality

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16
Q

Type perspective

A

This perspective assumes that every individual has a unique personality type based on his physique, temperament and mental characteristics

17
Q

Social Cognitive perspective

A

Emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive processes in the development of an individual’s personality

18
Q

Carl Jung’s theory of personality

A

Based on type perspective.
Carl Jung, a Swiss psychologist, classified people on the basis of mental characteristics into introverts and extroverts
INTROVERTS
1. Look within themselves for stimulation
2. Shy and reserved
3. Prefer to work alone and avoid social contacts
Extroverts
1. Aroused by external stimulation
2. Social Outgoing, mix easily with others
3. Prefer jobs that bring them in contact with others

19
Q

Ambivert

A

An ambivert is someone who falls in the middle of the introvert and extrovert continuum. An ambivert individual has a blend of traits of introversion and extroversion

20
Q

Allport’s theory of personality

A

Allport’s theory of personality is one of the theories based on trait perspective of studying personality.
Gordon Alleport, an american psychologist, identified 18000 terms that could be used to describe personality.
A trait relatively enduring and consitent way of thinking, feeling and acting. That means it can be found in a individual over a period of time.
Based on these descriptions, he categorised three basic categories of traits
1. Cardinal
2. Central
3. Secondary

21
Q

Cardinal traits

A

It is a single trait that dominates an individual’s entire personality. It dominates and shapes personality for his whole life. The person starts to be known for that specific trait
eg: honesty in gandhi

22
Q

Central traits

A

These are general traits that build up our personality. Around 5 to 10 traits that best describe our personality. These are the building blocks of our personality.

23
Q

Secondary traits

A

These traits only appear in certaain situations and therefore have narrow effect. They have a very minor role in determining the personality of an individual because they are situational.

24
Q

Big five factor model of personality

A

Based on trait perspective.
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa (1987) developed a theory of personality explaining the five major factors.
According to them, personality traits are considered as basic tendencies that are rooted in biology and that interact with external factors including culture in shaping the skills, habits, tastes, and values of a individual.

25
Q

Openess to experience

A

Openness to experience is a trait related to appreciation of art, unusual ideas, adventures, imagination, curiosity, emotion and variety of experiences.
People who are open to experience are creative and imaginative whereas those who are not are non-creative and lack aesthetic sense

26
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Conscientiousness is a trait showing tendency to display self-discipline. It is a way in which people regulate, control and direct their impulses.
People who have high conscientiousness are more organized, responsible, dependable and hardworking whereas those who have low are unorganized, less respondible, spontaneous and careless

27
Q

Extroversion

A

Extroversion is a trait characterised by breadth of activities and energy creation from external means.
More- sociable, assertive, outgoing, enthusiatic, talkative, open-minded and courageous
Less- close minded, shy, alone and less involved

28
Q

Agreeableness

A

Ability of getting along with others and concern for social harmony.
High- kind, loving, caring, co-operative, friendly
Less- uncooperative, jealous, hostile and argumentative

29
Q

Neuroticism

A

Tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, sadness, anxiety, or depression
High- fearful, anxious, depressed, irritable, impulsive, angry and unstable
Less- balanced, calm and stable

30
Q

Methods of Measurement of personality

A
  1. Behavioural analysis
  2. Self-report inventories
  3. Projective methods
31
Q

Behavioural analysis

A

Techniques such as interviews and observation help in assessing personality.
1. Interview
-Most common method
- a process in which an interviewer tries to collect information about the personality of an individual by asking them various questions
- The factors like time taken, gestures, postures, body movements, etc are taken into account

32
Q

Types of interviews

A
  1. Structured
    Total number of questions to be asked, their sequence, etc are predetermined. No questions are added or deleted. Used by industrial psychologists
  2. Unstructured
    Total number of questions, their sequence, are not predetermined. Depending on the responses, questions can be added or deleted on the spot. Used by clinical, counselling, health, sports psychologists, etc
33
Q

Observation

A

Very useful if used by trained psychologist and with clear objectives and guidelines.
Naturalistic, laboratory, participant, non-participant observations, etc are types

34
Q

Self-report inventories

A

In them , an individual provides information of their own personality by reponding to questions set in a particular inventory.
EG- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 16 personality factors by cattell, Myers-Briggs type indicator, high school personality inverntory (HSPQ)

35
Q

Projective methods

A

Emerged from psychoanalytic school of thought.
They are intended to uncover feelings, desires and conflicts that are hidden at the unconscious level.
In this method, a person responds freely to unstructured and ambiguous materials.
While responding, the individual projects their own personality to the material revealing personal conflicts, motivations, coping styles, etc.

36
Q

Rorschach’s ink blot test

A

Developed by Hermann Rorschach in 1921.
It akes use of ten irregular inkblots standing against a white background. Each inkblot is shown in a fixed number of ways and the subjects are required to describe it.
Analysis requires skilled and trained examiner

37
Q

Thematic Apperception test

A

Developed by Morgan and Murray in 1935
It requires the individual to look at a picture and interpret it’s story.

38
Q

Sentence completion test

A

Incomplete sentences are given and they are asked to complete them

Psychology (6 decks)

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