Intelligence Flashcards
Define intelligence by Lewis Terman
An ability to think on an abstract level is called intelligence
Define Intelligence by David Wechsler
Intelligence is the aggregate capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his envirnoment
main perspectives on intelligence
- Intelligence as a single, general ability
Psychologists who believe in the unitary notion of intelligence explain that only functions of intelligence take different forms but it is the same ability. These are Alfred Binet, Lewis Terman, David Wechsler - Intelligence as a set of multiple abilities
Psychologists like E.L. Thorndike, Louis Thurstone, Charles Spearman, etc. came up with the notion that multiple abilities are involved in intelligence
Perspective of E.L Thorndike
He put forth three independent abilities that can be called intelligence
1. Abstract
2. Social
3. Concrete
Perspective of Louis Thurstone
Louis Thurstone proposed seven different abilities, each independent of the other that can be called intelligence.
1. Verbal Comprehension
2. Word Fluency
3. Spatial Visualisation
4. Associative memory
5. Number facility
6. Perceptual speed
7. Reasoning
Perspective of Charles Spearman
In 1927, Charles spearman, with the help of statistical tool called factory analysis, separated and identified two different types of intelligence.
1. General Factor (g)
2. Specific factors (s)
According to him, general factor is the minimum competence required to do daily work. Whereas specific factor includes abilities which are required to solve problems in specific areas
Theory of intelligence by Raymond Cattell and John Horn
Raymond Cattel and John Horn proposed a theory of intelligence explaining two types
1. Fluid
2. Crystallised
According to them, fluid intelligence is dependent on neurological development and is relatively free from influences of learning and experiences. Whereas crystallized intelligence is not dependent on one’s neurological development and it is function of one’ educational attainment, acquired experiences and stock of knowledge
History of intelligence testing pt 1
Paul Broca and sir francis galton were among the first scientists to think about measuring intelligence. In the mid 1880s, sir francis galton administered a series of tests measuring variables like head size, reaction time, visual accuracy, auditory threshold, breathing capacity, etc. he believed the larger the skull, the smarter the person. his tests did not prove useful
Intelligence testing in 1890s
In the early 1890s, raymond cattell used the term “ mental test” for the first time. he expanded on sir francis galton’s ideas by emphasizing that test administration should be standarized so that the results are comparable
First scale of intelligence
In 1905, Alfred bient published the first scale of intelligence in collaboration with theodore simon. it was called the binet-simon test. it included various components such as logical reasoning, finding rhyming words, naming objects, etc. it was revised in 1908 and 1911
Stanford binet test
In 1916, lewis termann from stanford uni reviswd the binet simon intelligence scale. he established new age norms and incresed the upper age limit of the scale. the new test was called the stanford binet test
when was the stanford binet test revised
1937, 1960, 1972, 1986 and 2004
Army alpha test
In 1917, robert yerks and his collegaues established army alpha and army beta intelligence tests, which were used to recruit soldiers in the war
army general classification test
in 1939, army general classification test was used to recruit soldiers in the second world war
weschler-bellevue intelligence scale
In 11939, david weschler published the weschler-bellevue intelligence test. it was revised in 1955 and named weschler adut intelligence scale. it was revised by karl pearson in 2008 for the latest edition. weschler also published weschler intelligence scale for children
father of intelligence test
alfred binet
Mental age
The concept was introduced by alfred binet. Mental age can be defined as the age at which an individual can perform successfully on all the items on the test prepared for that age.
Intelligence quotient
The concept of intelligence quotient was introduced by a german psychologist william stern in 1912 as a ratio of mental age over chronological age
Types of intelligence tests
Based on methods of administration
1. Individual
2. Group
Based on material used
1. Verbal
2. Non-verbal
Individual tests of intelligence
Intelligence tests that can be administered to a single individual at a time are called individual tests of intelligence.
Binet’s scale of intelligence, Weschler scale of intelligence, Arthur point scale, koh’s block design, dr bhatia’s performance test of intelligence are examples
Advantages and Disadvantages of individual tests of intelligence
ADVANTAGES
1. The test administrator can develop a rapport with the client.
2. They can get additional information about the client’s feelings, mood, emotions and expressions during testing.
3. More capable of measuring creative intelligence
DISADVANTAGES
1. Time consuming and expensive
2. Require a trained and skillful examiner to administer, score and interpret them
Group tests of intelligence
Intelligence tests that can be administered to more than one individual at a time are called group tests of intelligence. they were devised to recruit soldiers during the first world war. mainly used for mass testing. Army Alpha test, Army Beta test, Ary general classification test, raven’s standard progressive matrices, etc are examples
Advantages and disadvantages of group tests of intelligence
ADVANTAGES
1. Less time consuming and economical
2. Doesn’t need a skilled trainer to administer them as the role of the administrator is minimal
DISADVANTAGES
1. Much less opportunity to develop a rapport with the client, obtain co-operation and maintain interest
2. Less capable of measuring creative aspect of intelligence
Verbal tests of intelligence
Intelligence tests that use language(words and numbers) to measure intelligence are called verbal tests of inteligence. The subjects need to respond verbally. Army Alpha Test, Weschler’s Adult Intelligence scale are examples
