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Psychology Midterm > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

the long-standing trait and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

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2
Q

what are the 4 fluids (humors) of the body according to hippocrates?

A

Hippocrates theorized traits and human behaviours are based on four separate temperaments associated with the 4 fluids (humors) of the body

1- choleric - yellow bile from the liver
2- melancholic - black bile from kidneys
3- sanguine - red blood from heart
4- phlegmatic - white phlegm from the lungs

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3
Q

What did Galen think of the 4 humors?

A

Galen believed that both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the humors and that each person exhibits one of the 4 temperaments
-> prevalent view for 1000 years and through middle ages

1- choleric - passionate, ambitious, bold
2- melancholic - reserved, anxious, unhappy
3- sanguine - joyful, eager, optimistic
4- phlegmatic - calm, reliable, thoughtful

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4
Q

What is Phrenology?

A

Franz Gall proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits, character and mental abilities -> discredited for lack of empirical support

  • Gall developed a chart that depicted which areas of the skull corresponded to particular personality traits or characteristics
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5
Q

What did Immanuel Kant believe?

A

Kant agreed with Galen that individuals could be categorized into one of the 4 temperaments
- developed a list of traits to describe the personality of each of the 4 temperaments

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6
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt believe about personality?

A

Wundt suggested that personality could be described using two axes

1- Emotional / non-emotional
separated strong emotions (melancholic, choleric) from the weak emotions (sanguine, phlegmatic)

2- Changeable / unchangeable
divided the changeable (choleric, sanguine) from the unchangeable (melancholig, phlegmatic)

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7
Q

What did Sigmund Freud think about personality traits?
What did the Neo-Freudians think?

A
  • first comprehensive theory of personality explaining both normal and abnormal behaviour
  • proposed that unconscious drives influenced by sex, aggression and childhood sexuality influence personality

-> Neo-Freundians:
- agreed that childhood experiences matter
- less emphasis on sex
- focused on the social environment and effects of culture on personality

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8
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

Unconscious:
=mental activity that we are unaware of or unable to access
Freud said:
- we are only aware of a small amount of our mind’s activities and most remain hidden from us
- unacceptable urges and desired are kept in our unconscious through repression
- the info in our unconscious affect our behaviour, although unaware

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9
Q

What are freudian slips?

A

Freud suggested that slips of the tongue are sexual/aggressive urges accidentally slipping out of our unconscious

-> saying a word you did not intend to say

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10
Q

What are the Id, Ego and Superego?

A

Freud: personality results from efforts to balance two competing forces:
1- biological aggressive and pleasure seeking drives
2- internal (sozialised) control over the pleasure seeking drives

-> this process is an interaction between id, ego and superego

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11
Q

what is Id (freud)?

A
  • primitive urges (hunger, thirst, sex)
  • impulsive, instinctual
  • operates on the pleasure principle - seeks immediate gratification
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12
Q

What is the superego?

A
  • develops through interactions with others, learning social rules for right and wrong
  • moral compass -> how we should behave
  • strives for perfection
  • judges behaviour- leads to feelings of pride or guilt
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13
Q

What is the ego (self)?

A
  • attempts to balance the id with the superego
  • rational
  • operates on the reality principle - helps id satisfy desires in a realistic way
  • the part of personality seen by others
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14
Q

What is the effect of balanced or unbalanced interaction between id, superego and ego?

A

unbalanced id and superego:
- neurosis (tendency to experience negative emotions)
- anxiety
- unhealthy behaviours

balanced id and superego:
- healthy personality

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15
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

= unconscious protective behaviours that work to reduce anxiety

  • used by the ego to restore balance between id and superego
  • freud believed them to be used by everyone but that overuse would be problematic
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16
Q

What is denial?

A

refusing to accept real event because theyre unpleasant

  • she refuses to admit she has an alcohol problem although she is unable to go a singe day without drinking
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17
Q

What is displacement?

A

transferring inappropriate urges or behaviour onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

  • during lunch, mark is angry at his older brother, but does not express it and instead is verbally abusive to the server
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18
Q

What is projection?

A

attributing unacceptable desires to others

  • chris often cheats on her boyfriend because she suspects he is already cheating
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19
Q

What is rationalization?

A

justifying behaviours by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable reasons

  • kim failed a test because he did not study but blames the teacher because he didnt like him
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20
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

  • nadia is angry with her coworker for always arriving late after a night of partying, but she is nice and agreeable to the coworker and affirms that partying is cool
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21
Q

what is regression?

A

returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

  • after failing to pass his doctoral examinations, giorgio spends days in bed cuddling his favorite childhood toy
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22
Q

What is Repression?§

A

supressing painful memories and thought

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23
Q

What is Sublimation?

A

redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

  • jeromes desire for revenge on the drunk driver is channeled into a community support group
24
Q

What are the staged of psychosexual development? Freud

A
  • Freud theorized that children pass through 5 psychosexual stages
    -> pleasure seeking urges (Id) are focused on different erogenous zones
    lack of proper nurturing and parenting during conflicts results in the person becoming stuck/fixated in that stage

1- Oral Stage (birth-1year)
erogenous zone - mouth
pleasure- eating and sucking
major conflict - being weaned from bottle or breast
adult fixation - smoking, overeating, nail biting

2- anal stage (1-3years)
erogenous zone - anus
pleasure - from bowel and bladder movements
major conflict - toilet training
adult fixation - anal retentive personality (stingy, stubborn), anal expulsive personality (messy, careless,disorganised)

3- phallic stage (3-6years)
erogenous - genitals
major conflict - child feels desire for opposite sex parent, jealousy toward same sex parent
- oedipus complex in boys: desires mothers attention, urge to replace father , afraid of being punished by father (castration anxiety)
- electra complex in girls: desires fathers attention, urge to replace mother, angry at mother for not providing them with a penis (penis envy)

adult fixation - vanity, overambition

4- latency stage (6-12 years)
erogenous zone - none
sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on school, friends, hobbies and engage with peers of same sex

5- genital stage (12+)
erogenous - genitals
sexual reawakening - urges are redirected from parents to other partners

25
Q

What is individual psychology?

A

Alfred Adler
- focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
- inferiority complex = a person’s feelings that they lack worth and dont measure up to the standard of others or society
- social motives thought to be the force behind thought, emotions and behaviour
- focused on social connections during childhood development
- believed happiness can be found in working together for the betterment of all
- main goal of psychology: to recognise the equal rights and equality of others
- saw conscious processes as more important
- theorized that birth order shapes our personality

Adler identified 3 fundamental social tasks all individuals must experience:
- occupational tasks - career
- societal tasks - friendship
- love tasks - finding a partner

26
Q

What is the psychosocial theory of developmend?

A

Erik Erikson
- personality develops throughout the lifespan
- emphasizes importance of social relationships at each stage
- development of healthy personality and sense of competence depend on successfully completing each of the 8 stages

27
Q

What is Carl jung’s analytal Psychology?

A
  • focused on working to balance conscious and unconscious thoughts
  • jung acknowledged the concept of a personal unconscious but was also interested in exploring the collective unconscious
28
Q

What is the collective unconscious?

A

universal version of personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us

29
Q

What are archetypes?

A

patterns that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

  • represented by universal themes in various cultures reflecting common experiences of people around the world
  • integration of unconscious archetypal aspects of the self seen as part of self-realisation process
30
Q

What is a persona?

A

a mask that we consciously adopt

  • derived from conscious experiences and our collective unconscious
  • a compromise between our true self and the self that society expects from us -> hiding parts that do not align with socities expectations
31
Q

Who came up with the idea of extroversion, introversion?

A

Carl Jung

Introverts:
- energized by being alone
- avoids attention
- speaks slow and soft
- thinks before speaking
- stays on one topic
- prefers written communication
- pays attention easily
- cautious

Extroverts:
- energized by being with others
- seeks attention
- speaks quickly and loudly
- thinks out loud
- jumps from topic to topic
- prefers verbal communication
- distractible
- acts first, thinks later

32
Q

Who is Karen Horney?

A
  • agreed with Jung that individuals have the potential for self-realisation and believed the goal of psychoanalysis should move towards a healthy self
  • disagreed with the idea of penis envy- suggested that any jealousy is culturally based
  • differences in personality between men and women are culturally based
  • men have womb envy because they cannot give birth
  • theories focused on unconscious anxiety
33
Q

What are the 3 styles of coping used by children to relieve anxiety by Karen Horney?

A
  1. moving toward people - affiliation and dependence
    (adults: likely to have an intense need for love and acceptance)
  2. moving against people - aggression and assertiveness
    (adult: likely to lash out and exploit others)
  3. moving away from people - detachment and isolation
    (adults: likely to avoid friendship/love and avoid interactions with others)
34
Q

What is the behavioural perspective?

A

skinner
= learning approaches to personality focus on observable, measurable phenomena

  • we learn to behave in particular ways
  • personality is shaped by reinforcement and consequences in the environment
  • personality develops over our entire life
  • personality can vary as we experience new situations
35
Q

What is the social-cognitive perspective?

A

Bandura
- agreed that personality develops through learning but disagreed with the behaviourist approach because thinking and reasoning are important parts of learning

factors in personality development:
- reciprocal determinism = cognitive processes (beliefs, expectations, etc) behaviour, and context (environment, situation) all interact
- observationsal learning = learning by observing someone’s behaviour and its consequences
-> which behaviours are acceptable/unacceptable in our culture or society
- self efficacy = level of confidence in our own abilities
-> affects how we approach challenges

36
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

Julian Rotter
= beliefs about the power we have over our lives

  • proposed as a cognitive factor that affects learning and personality development
  • internal locus of control - tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct results of our efforts
    -> perform better academically, achieve more, more independent, healthier
  • external locus of control - tend to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control
    -> believe lives are controlled by other people, luck or chance.

-> locus of control occurs on a continuum from internal to external

37
Q

What are Mischel’s Findings on the person-situation debate?

A
  • behaviour was inconsistent across different situation but more consistent within situations
  • behaviour is consistent in equivalent situations across time
  • this data did not support the theory that a person’s personality traits are consistent across situations - triggered the person-situation debate!
38
Q

What is the Marshmallow study?

A
  • study on self-regulation (will power) - ability to relay gratification
  • children were placed in a room with a marshmallow (if they wait, then they’ll get two )
  • revealed that children differ in level of self control
  • children with more selfcontrol in preschool were more successful in highschool
  • children with poor self control in preschool were more likely to have academic and behavioural problems

Mischel’s approach to personality -> people use cognitive processes to assess the situation in their own way and behave in accordance with that interpretation

39
Q

What are the humanistic approaches for personality?

A
  • focuses on how healthy people develop

Abraham Maslow:
- studied people who were healthy, creative, and productive
- found that they share similar characteristics - open creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concerned for others, accepting of themselves

Carl Rogers:
- linked personality to self-concepts (thoughts and feelings about ourselves)
- divided the self into the ideal self and the real self
-> Ideal self = person you would like to be
-> real self = person you actually are

  • believed we needed to find congruence between ideal and real self
    -> high congruence: greater sense of self-worth, health, productive life
    -> low congruence: maladjustment
40
Q

What are the biological approaches to personality?

A

perspective that differences in our personalities can be explained by inherited predispositions and physiological processes

heritable traits :
- Minnesota study of twins reared apart
- found that identical twins, raised apart or together, have very similar personalities
- suggest heritability in personality traits

  • traits with more than 0.5 heritability ratio: leadership, obedience to authority, sense of wellbeing, alienation, resistance to stress, fearfulness

temperament:
- appears very early in life (suggests biological basis)
- babies can be categorized into 3 temperaments: easy, difficult or slow to warm up

  • environment and maturation can affect expression of personality
41
Q

What are the two dimensions of temperament important to adult personality?

A
  • Reactivity : how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli
  • self- regulation : ability to control responses
42
Q

What are somatotypes?

A

William H Sheldon believed body type could be linked to personality

  • Endomorphs: relaxed, comfortable, good-humored, even-tempered, sociable
  • Mesomorphs: adventurous, assertive, competitive, fearless
  • ectomorphs: anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughful, quiet, private
43
Q

What are Trait theorists?

A

believe that people have certain traits

Gordon Allport:
- found 4.500 words to describe people and organised them into 3 categories:
cardinal traits - dominates entire personality
central traits - make up our personality
secondary traits - less obvious or consistent

Raymond Cattell:
- narrowed allport’s list to 171 traits
- identified 16 dimensions of personality - people are scored on a continuum

44
Q

What was Hans and Sybil Eysenck’s work?

A
  • focused on temperament and believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inhertitance

2 specific personality dimensions:

1- extroversion / introversion

2- neuroticism / stability

45
Q

What is the 5 factor model?

A

each person has 5 traits -> the big 5 personality traits
- each trait is scored on a continuum from high to low

OCEAN

  • openness
  • conscientiousness
    -extroversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
46
Q

What are the HEXACO traits?

A

H - Honesty-humility
E- Emotionality
X - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
C - Conscientiousness
O- Openness

47
Q

What are the cultural understandings of personality?

A

culture as one of the most important environmental factors that influences personality.

Culture = beliefs, customs, art, traditions of a particular society

  • there are both universal and culture-specific aspects that account for variation in personalities

-> asian cultures - more collectivists, less extroverted
-> central and south american - score higher on openness to experience
-> europeans - score higher on neuroticism

48
Q

Why are there regional differences in personality clusters?

A

selective migration

people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

49
Q

What is the individualist culture?

A
  • value independence, competition, personal achievement
  • western nations
  • people display more personally oriented personality traits
50
Q

What is the collectivist culture?

A
  • value social harmony, respectfulness and group need over individual needs
  • asia, africa, south america
  • people display more socially oriented personality traits
51
Q

Why is personality testing used?

A
  • to screen applicants for employment and job training
  • in criminal cases and custody battles
  • to assess psychological disorders
52
Q

‘What are self report inventories?

A
  • objective test to assess personality
  • often use multiple-choice items or numbered scales

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):
- widely used
- originally developed to assist in diagnosing psychological disorders
- newest version with 338 questions
- scored on 10 scales
- use true/false questions

53
Q

What are projective tests?

A
  • relies on projections (defense mechanism) to assess unconscious processes
  • ambigous cards to tell a story, interpret an image or complete a sentence -> individuals will project feelings, impulses and desires onto cards
54
Q

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

A

individual interprets a series of symmetrical inkblot cards, revealing unconscious feelings and struggles

projective test

55
Q

What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

A

projection test

individual tells a story about 8-12 cards, giving insight into their social world, revealing hopes, fears, interests and goals

56
Q

What is the Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)?

A

projection test

individual is asked to complete 40 incomplete sentences as quickly as possible to reveal desires, fears and struggles

57
Q
A

Psychology Midterm (4 decks)

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