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Psychology Midterm > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

the wants or needs that direct behaviour toward a goal

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2
Q

what is intrinsic motivation?

A

arises from internal factors
- behaviours are performed because they bring a sense of personal satisfaction
- autonomy, mastery, purpose

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3
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

arises from external factors
- behaviours are performed in order to receive something from others
- compensation, punishment, reward

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4
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given

  • research suggests that when something we love to do, becomes our job, our intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to do it may change -> once we receive external motivation (eg payment) we may lose motivation to do it for enjoyment
  • other research suggest the opposite , that certain types of reinforcement (eg praise) can increase intrinsic motivation
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5
Q

why are there differences in the overjustification effect?

A

may depend on the type of reinforcement
- tangible rewards appear to decrease intrinsic motivation
- intangible rewards appear to increase intrinsic motivation

may depend on the expectation of extrinsic reward
- intrinsic motivation is more likely to decrease if extrinsic reward is expected

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6
Q

What is the Instict theory of motivation?

A
  • William James
  • proposed that behaviour is driven by instincts (which aid survival)
  • proposed instincts included mother’s protection of her baby, urge to lick sugar and hunting prey
  • theory received criticism for ignoring the role of learning in shaping human behaviour
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7
Q

What is the drive theory of motivation?

A

proposed that the maintenance of homeostasis is important in direction behaviour

  • deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs resulting in psychological drive states that direct behaviour to meet the need and bring the system back in homeostasis
  • emphasizes the role of habits play in behavioural responses -> if behaviour successfully reduces a drive, we are more likely to engage in that behaviour in the future
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8
Q

what is the arousal theory of motivation?

A

asserts that there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain

  • underaroused: boredom, seek stimulation
  • overaroused: engage in behaviour to reduce it

research suggests that the optimal arousal level for performance is moderate arousal

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9
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

A

arousal theory of motivation

  • the optimal arousal level depends on the complexity and difficulty of the task to be performed

-> task performance is best when arousal levels are in the middle range
- with difficult tasks best performed under lower level of arousal
- simple tasks best performed under higher levels of arousal

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10
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

an individual’s belief in her own capability to complete a task

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11
Q

what did Bandura theorize?

A

that self-efficacy plays a role in motivating behaviour
- argues that motivation derives from expectations held about consequences of behaviours
- beliefs about our abilities will determine what we do and goals we set for ourselves

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12
Q

What are the social motives?

A
  • need for achievement
    drives accomplishment and performance
  • need for affiliation
    encourages positive interactions with others
  • need for intimacy
    causes us to seek deep, meaningful relationships
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13
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A
  • maslow proposed a theory of motivation that spans the spectrum of motives including biological, individual and social
  • one must satisfy lower-level needs before adressing the needs in higher level

Hierarchy:

  1. Self-actualisation : inner fulfillment
  2. Esteem : self-worth, accomplishment
  3. social: family, friends. intimacy
  4. security: safety, employment, assets
  5. physiological: food,water,warmth, shelter
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14
Q

what are the factors affecting body weight?

A
  • gene-environment interactions
  • number of calories consumed vs number of calories burned in daily activity
  • metabolic rate (=amount of energy that is expended in a period of time -> varies individually, high metabolism = burns more calories)
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14
Q

What are the physiological mechanisms of hunger and eating?

A

before eating:
- empty stomach -> stomach contracts -> hunger pangs and secretion of chemical messengers that travel to the brain -> signals feeding behaviour

  • low blood sugar -> pancreas and liver release chemical signals that induce hunger and initiate feeding behaviour

After eating:
- Satiation = feeling of fullness and satisfaction causing eating behaviour to stop

  • increase in glucose level -> pancreas and liver signal to stop hunger and eating
  • food in gastrointestinal tract -> satiety signal to the brain
  • fat cells release leptin (satiety hormone)
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15
Q

What is the Set-Point Theory?

A

each individual has an ideal body weight/set point, which is resistant to change

  • regulation of body weight
  • set point is genetically determined
  • efforts to move weight significantly from the set point are resisted by compensatory changes in energy intake/expenditure
  • based on observation that people’s weight generally fluctuates within a narrow margin
  • fails to account for the influences of social and environmental factors
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16
Q

What are the health risks of obesity?

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • stroke
  • type II diabetes
  • breast cancer
  • infertility
  • arthritis
  • liver disease
  • sleep apnea
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17
Q

What are some possibilities for weight reduction?

A
  • combination of diet and exercise
  • bariatric surgery : gastric banding surgery
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18
Q

what is bulimia nervosa?

A
  • engages in binge eating behaviour, follow by attempts to compensate for the large amount of food consumed
  • compensation : vomiting, laxative, excessive exercise
  • health consequences: kidney failure, heart failure, tooth decay
  • psychological problems: depression, anxiety, increased risk for substance abuse
19
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A
  • maintenance of body weight below average through starvation or exercise
  • distorted body image: view themselves as fat
  • health consequences: bone loss, heart failure, kidney failure, amenorrhea (cessation of menstrual period), reduced functions of the gonads, severe cases death
  • psychological problems: anxiety, mood disorder, substance abuse
20
Q

which group has the highest risk for eating disorders?

A

-> caucasian females, age 15-19, western society

  • many blame the media for the thin ideal
  • genetics may predispose people to disorders
  • low-selfesteem, other mental illnesses
  • stress
  • experiences such as abuse
  • personality types
  • family issues
21
Q

what are the psychological mechanisms for sexual behaviour?

A
  • hypothalamus:
  • amygdala and nucleus accumbens
22
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in sexual behaviour?

A
  • hypothalamus:
    lesions in medial preoptic area completely disrupts a male rat’s ability to engage in sexual behaviour, but not sexual motivation -> suggests that the ability to engage and the motivation are mediated by different systems

humans: disorders that involve abnormal hypothalamic functions are often associated with hypogonadism and reduced sexual function
- testosterone from endocrine glands influence sexual motivation and behaviour

23
Q

What are the roles of amygdala and ncl accumbens in sexual behaviour?

A
  • motivation for sexual behaviour, but doesnt affect the ability to engage
  • damage in rats result in decreased motivation to engage, while ability to do so is still in tact
24
Q

What were the major points in Kinsey’s research?

A
  • women are as interested and experienced in sex as men
  • both males and females masturbate, without negative health consequences
  • homosexuals acts are fairly normal
25
Q

What is the Kinsey scale?

A

used to categorize an individuals sexual orientation

26
Q

What is the Masters and Johnson’s Research?

A
  • conducted study of physiological responses during sexual behaviour
  • observed people engaging in sexual behaviour
  • measured physiological variables (blood pressure, respiration rate)
  • measures sexual arousal ( lubrication, penile tumescence)
27
Q

What is the sexual response cycle?

A

1, Excitement - arousal phase (erection, lubrication)
2. plateau - increased swelling and blood flow to labia minora, pre-ejaculatory fluid
3. orgasm - rhythmic contractions, ejaculation
4. resolution - return to unaroused state

28
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

= emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual

  • relatively stable characteristic
  • 3-10% of adult population are homosexual
29
Q

What makes someone homo- vs heterosexual?

A
  • previously thought to be caused by different socialization and familial experiences but research shows that those experiences can be similar in homo- and heterosexuals
  • genetic and biological mechanisms - research has found differences in brain structure and function between homo- and heterosexuals
30
Q

What is gender identity?

A

= one’s sense of being male or female

in most cases, our gender identities correspond to our biological sex but not always

31
Q

what is gender dysphoria?

A

diagnosis describing individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are
- must persist at least 6 months
- must result in significant distress or dysfunction to meet diagnosis criteria

32
Q

What is transgender hormone therapy?

A

use of hormones to make one’s body look more like the opposite sex

33
Q

What is mood?

A
  • prolonged, less intense, affective state
  • does not occur in response to something we experience
  • may not be consciously recognized or intentional
34
Q

What is emotion?

A
  • a subjective state of being that we often use to describe our feelings
  • relatively intense and occurs in response to an experience
  • consciously experienced and intentional
  • components of emotions: physiological arousal, psychological appraisal and subjective experience
  • informed by experiences, backgrounds and cultures
35
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory?

A

emotions arise from physiological arousal
snake -> heart and respiration increase -> feeling of fear

36
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently
snake -> physiological arousal and feel fear

37
Q

What are the empirical findings regarding the emotions?

A
  • individual with spinal cord injuries could still experience emotion but in some it was less intense
  • supression of facial expression of emotion lowered the intensity of emotions experienced

these findings suggest that physiological arousal is not necessary to experience emotion but increase the intensity!

38
Q

What is the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory?

A

Emotions are composed of two factors : physiological and cognitive
- physiological arousal is interpreted in context leading to the emotional experience
snake -> physiological arousal and cognitive assessment of situation labels arousal as fear -> experience fear

  • believed physiological arousal is very similar across the different types of emotion, making cognitive assessment important (palm sweating, heart rate, respiration rate)
39
Q

what is the Lazarus’ Cognitive Mediational Theory?

A

Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

  • the appraisal occurs before the label
  • appraisal is immediate and unconscious
40
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

involved in mediating emotional response and memory

  • hypothalamus: activation of sympathetic nervous system
  • thalamus: sensory relay center, neurons project to both the amygdala and higher cortical neurons for further processing
  • amygdala: processing emotional information and sending it to cortical structures
  • hippocampus: integrated emotional experience with cognition
41
Q

What is the structure of the amygdala?

A
  • basolateral complex:
    has dense connections with different sensory areas of the brain, critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory
  • central nucleus:
    involved in attention, has connections with hypothalamus and various brain stem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous sytem and endocrine system’s activities
42
Q

What is the cultural display rule for display of emotions?

A

culturally specific standards that govern the types of frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable

  • eg in japan, negative emotions are only expressed when alone

despite varying cultural display rules, recognition and production of facial expressions of certain emotions are universal

43
Q

what are the seven universal facial expressions?

A
  • happiness
  • surprise
    -sadness
    -fright
    -disgust
    -contempt
  • anger
44
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

facial expressions are capable of influencing your emotions

  • depressed individuals reported less depression after paralysis of their frowning muscles with botox injections

emotional stimulus - facial expression - physiological arousal - emotional experience

45
Q
A

Psychology Midterm (4 decks)

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