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psyc1001 > personality > Flashcards

personality Flashcards

1
Q

what is personality

A

Personality is psychological in nature, fall outside the intellectual domain, are enduring dispositions rather than transient states, and form relatively broad or generalised patterns.

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2
Q

nomothetic focus of personality

A

emphasises the development of generalisation & laws & behaviours

looking at patterns and trends of a large group

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3
Q

idiographic focus of persoality

A

emphasises intensive analysis of the individual’s uniqueness

looking at the individual

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4
Q

personality through history

A

Hypocrisies - personality was determined by balance of fluid

greek theater - person is a character

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5
Q

why is it difficult to define psychology

A

elusive & a psychological construct

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6
Q

personality expressions

A

what you express based on aspects of personality
- aggression
- optimism/pessimism
- mental health

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7
Q

personality determinants

A

factors that determine your personality
- environments
- biological (hormones, age)
- genetics

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8
Q

the topographic model of psychoanalytic

A

levels of awareness
everything in the mind has a specific cause

conscious
- stream of thought
- events recalled
- everyday life

preconscious
- below the level of immediate conscious where the mind can recall memories & emotions that have not been repressed

unconscious
- Freud thought caused a significant portion of our mental life
- repressed thoughts

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9
Q

The structural model of psychoanalysis

A

id - irrational and emotional (pleasure principle)
Ego - rational & decision making (reality principle)
superego - the moral part of the mind

note: there is overlap between topographic & structural models

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10
Q

psychic conflict in the structural model

A

tug of war between id and superego for sexual or aggressive impulses

ego is anxious about the id (bad actions) and superego (gulit) getting out of control

defense mechanisms protect from anxiety & guilt

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11
Q

defense mechanisms

A

mechanisms to cope with psychic conflict & find appropriate solutions
- repression
- projections
- displacement (take it out on someone else)
- transference (taking a relationship with one person and applying it to every person similar)
- reaction formation
- rationalization

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12
Q

mental energy motives in psychoanalytic

A

lobido
- life drive, sexual drive
- motive towards procreation, reproductivity & growth

thanatos (death)
- destruction, disorder
- ultimately death

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13
Q

The genetic model of psychoanalysis

A

oral (0-1)
- mouth (sucking, biting)
- weaning from breast
- fixation: sadistic

anal (2-3)
- anus (expelling & retaining feces)
- toilet training
- fixation: messy or neat

phallic (4-5)
- genitals (masturbating)
- identifying with adult role models coping with oedipal crisis (son rejected by mother affecting every subsequent relationship)
- regression: flirtatious & macho aggressive

latency (6-12)
- none (sexually repressed)
- expanding social contacts

Genital puberty onward
- genitals (being sexually intimate)
- establishing intimate relationships & contributing to society through working

fixation: a failure to move forward from one stage to another due to excessive gratification or frustration of needs at a particular stage

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14
Q

contributions of psychoanalytic theories

A
  • first to propose existence of unconscious processes
  • first to explain effects of early development
  • major contributions to treatment of anxiety & mood disorders
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15
Q

criticisms of psychoanalytic theories

A
  • not falsifiable
  • poor external validity
  • inadequate empirical evidence
  • sexism
  • functions of philosophies
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16
Q

behaviourism and personality

A
  • personality is the sum of behaviours
  • causes of our behaviours is found in the environment
  • behaviourists perform functional analysis
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17
Q

personality and conditioning

A

classical (association)
- skinner using unconditional and conditional stimuli

operant (learning through reinforcement or punishment)
- positive & negative reinforcement & punishment

social (learning through imitation)
- same behaviour (similar response)
- matched-dependant (mimicking)
- copying (self-efficacy, complex behaviour)

18
Q

contributions of behaviourists

A
  • first truly at being truely objective & scientific in personality
  • understand major effects of environment
  • treatment of phobias, substance abuse, mood disorders
19
Q

criticism of behaviourists

A
  • denying existence of free will (we are passive)
  • overdependence on animal research
  • simplistic
  • didn’t propose a personality structure
20
Q

issues behaviourists had with psychoanalysts

A
  • clinical approach (no generalisation)
  • theoretical approach (no scientific validity)
21
Q

key theorists of humanism

A
  • Maslow
  • Rogers
22
Q

key concepts of humanism (5)

A

1 Personal growth
- motivation to develop & achieve constantly
- realise and utilise means to reach goals
- encourage self-exploration

2 Personal experience
- valuing subjective experiences
- uniqueness of own experience (sense of self)

3 Now and Here
- prioritise present moment awareness
- being present leads to greater growth & wellbeing

4 Personal responsibility
- person’s role in actively shaping their life & experiences
- autonomy, self-determination, goals

5 Inherent goodness of people
- innate capacity for growth, compassion, self-improvement

23
Q

Maslow’s heirarchy of needs

A

self actualisation

d levels
- esteem needs
- belongingness and love needs
- safety needs
- physiological needs

24
Q

differences between humanism & existentialism

A

existentialism took a more leveled approach
- focuses on good & bad

25
Q

assumptions of humanism & existentialism (becoming mentally ill in a model that rejects mental illness)

A

incongruence
- medical disorders when there is discrepancy between one’s experiences & their self-concept

  • d needs are not met

terror management (awareness & response to death)
- awareness of mortality makes us free & not managing our mortality creates anxiety

26
Q

contributions of humanism & existentialism

A
  • holistic personality theories
  • first theories to look at free will & choice
  • first non-deterministic theories
  • gave rise to a positive psychology
  • contributions to social care systems & treatment of substance abuse
27
Q

criticisms of humanism & existentialism

A
  • why is society bad (oversimplify)
  • unfalsifiable
  • function best as life guides rather than a scientific framework
  • downplay significance of culture
28
Q

assumptions of the trait approach

A

personality….
- exists
- probabilistic & dynamic

personality is an interplay between
- cognition
- temperament characteristic (biologically based)
- constitution or physiology (genetics)
- environment

29
Q

what determines personality traits approach

A
  • 40% genetics
  • 10% shared environment
  • 50% nonshared environment
30
Q

What are traits

A

building blocks of personality

general dispositions that people possess that uniquely influence their personality
- outgoing, impulsive, empathetic etc

traits are probabilistic and everyone possesses traits to different degrees

relatively stable over time & situation

hierarchy arranged

31
Q

what is the difference between traits & states?

A

Traits - stable over time enduring patterns

states - temporary fleeting emotions

32
Q

hierarchy of traits

A

going from less stable, simpler, more dimensions to more stable, complex, fewer dimensions

  • situational responses
  • habitual responses
  • temperament (biologically based)
  • traits
  • personality dimensions
33
Q

dimensions in the trait approach

A

personality space is made up of dimensions
- openness, extraversion, agreeableness etc

dimensions are linear & independent, finite &

measured by factor analysis

34
Q

lexical taxonomy trait typology (big 5)

A

neuroticism: stability
extraversion: degree of social impact
agreeableness quality of social impact
conscientiousness: responsibility, will to change
openness: artistic tendencies, interlect

35
Q

psychobiological taxonomy trait typology (big 3)

A

neuroticism (emotionality)
- predisposition to mood & anxiety disorders

extraversion (activity)
- predisposition to accidents & substance abuse
- mediates effects of other two dimensions

psychoticism (tough vs tender mindedness)
- predisposition to psychiatric disorders

36
Q

contributions of trait approach

A
  • evidence based
  • reliable predictions
  • testable & probalbists
  • cross-cultural & gender & age validity
  • direct applications
  • foundation of clinical psychology
37
Q

criticisms of trait approach

A
  • no agreement on how many traits or dimensions
  • heavily dependent on statistics
  • impractical as a medical method
  • do they even exist??????
38
Q

performance based personality assessment

A
  • reveal/assess of internal mental states of a person

issue with ecological validity
eg raven’s progressive matrices test

39
Q

behaviour observations personality assessment

A

assessment of typical manifestations of an attribute within a specific context
- semi-unstructured interviews
- participant-observations (ethnography)

past behaviour is valid predictor of future behaviour

problem of replicability & morality (potentially)

40
Q

self (peer) reports (most common)

A

self report & informant report

assessment of one’s own or peers feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values etc
- personality test, clinical interview

problem of dishonesty & response bias

41
Q

psychophysiological assessment

A

measuring biological functions that relate to personality
- eg fMRI, EEG, PET scans, gene sequencing

problem of reductionism & practicality

42
Q

concerns with interpreting results

A

are observed attitudes real
- cultural test bias
- dishonest
- leading questions

are observed attributes important

do tests help or hurt
- labeling

psyc1001 (4 decks)

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