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psyc1001 > behavioural psychology > Flashcards

behavioural psychology Flashcards

1
Q

social cognition

A

process by which people select, interpret, and remember social information

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2
Q

social perception

A

process by which people come to understand and categorise the behaviours of others (judgements)

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3
Q

social interaction

A

process by which people interact with each other

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4
Q

attriubtion theory

A

we tend to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often crediting either internal dispositions or external situations

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5
Q

internal attribution

A

explaining behaviour due to dispositional factors (persona’s personality)

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6
Q

External attribution

A

explaining behaviour due to situational factors (environemntal)

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7
Q

covariation model

A

determine whether actor’s behaviour is internal attribution or external attribution
- consistency information: does actor behave same towards stimulus in different situations
- consensus information: do other people behave the same towards the stimulus
- distinctiveness information: does the actor behave the same toward different stimuli

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8
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

overestimate behaviour to personality traits and underestimate sitational influences

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9
Q

tripartite model of attitudes

A

affective - feel, emotion
behavioural
cognitive - know

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10
Q

explicit attitudes

A

conscious & deliberate

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11
Q

implicit attitudes

A

unconscious, automatic

initiated without awareness

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12
Q

Theory of reasoned action

A

specific attitudes are matched to specific behaviour (assumes complete control of behaviour from intention)

attitude - affects intention
subjective norms - affects intention

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13
Q

theory of planned behaviour

A

takes into account
attitudes - affects intention
subjective norms - affects intention
perceived behavioural control - affects intention & behaviour

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14
Q

changing attitude

A

cognitive dissonance
incongruent cognitions

lead to being motivated to reduce tension by either
- changing behaviour
- changing opinion
- add new constant cognitions

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15
Q

who is threatened by cognitive dissoance

A

internal attributions - feel threatened and motivated to reduce (western)

external attributions - opposite (eastern

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16
Q

changing attitude & advertising

A

central route
- motivated to process
- compelling arguments
- strong lasting change

peripheral route
- not motivated to process
- peripheral cues
- weak temporary change

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17
Q

stereotypes

A

characteristics & beliefs about a group

cognitive

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18
Q

prejudice

A

positive or negative evaluation of a group

includes an affective component (emotions)

19
Q

discrimination

A

acts on prejudice

unjustified negative, harmful treatment towards a group

20
Q

social norms

A

the expectation a group has for its members regarding acceptable & appropriate attitudes & behaviours

21
Q

social roles

A

A socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person who is functioning in a given setting or group

22
Q

compliance

A

A change in behaviour or expressed attitudes consistent with a direct request

23
Q

conformity

A

The tendency for people to adopt the behaviours, attitudes, and values of other members of a reference group
- reference group sets social norms

24
Q

obedience

A

Compliance with an authority figure/leader in which the request is perceived as an order or command

25
Q

informal social response

A

conform due to

uncertain about correct response so look to others and believe their interpretation

light study

26
Q

normative social influence

A

conform due to
need to fit in & be liked

line studies

27
Q

factors affecting conformity

A
  • Ambiguity
    • Need to be accurate
    • Crisis/emergency
    • Unanimity - challenged by non-conformist
    • Gender
    • Expertise
    • Status and attractiveness of the group
    • Group size
28
Q

minority influence

A

processes of social influence where power or numerical minority changes attitudes and behaviour of majority

  • blue experiment (is it blue or green), showed minority is effective when they are consistent
  • disrupt the majority norm
  • not motivated by self interest
29
Q

conversion effect

A

process of minority influence bring internal, private change in the attitudes of a majority

due to majority thinking through arguments carefully

30
Q

Milgram study factors that reduce obedience

A
  • two other dissenting “teachers”
  • second experimenter
  • allowing P to follow own conscious
  • proximity (same room)
  • touch proximity
  • absent experimenter
  • ordinary person giving instructions
31
Q

prosocial behaviour

A

behaving in a way that is good for other people or for society as a whole

32
Q

helping behaviour

A

acts that INTENTIONALLY benefit someone else

33
Q

altruism

A

prosocial behaviours that help others even when
- no apparent personal gain
- potential costs to the helper

34
Q

biological explanations for prosocial behaviour

A

kin selection
- natural selection: genes must survive

reciprocity
- assumption someone might help in the future

mutually cooperative behaviour
- those who cooperate are more successful (more likely to have genes passed on)

35
Q

egoistic vs altruistic helping

A

altruistic
- empathy

egoistic
- motivated to get something in return
- negative-state relief hypothesis

36
Q

five step model to helping (- barriers)

A

1 notice event
- distracted and in a hurry

2 interpret event as emergency
- pluralistic ignorance

3 assume responsibility
- diffusion of responsibility

4 know appropriate form of assistance
- lack of knowledge or competence

5 implement decision
- danger to self, legal concerns, embarrassment

37
Q

physical attraction

A
  • average, symmetrical face
  • familiarity to our face
  • exadurate gendered features
  • same across cultures
38
Q

proximity attraction

A
  • close physical distance more likely to become familiar
  • more we see & interact with people the more we like them
  • mere exposure effect
39
Q

reciprocity

A
  • we like those who like us
  • we dislike those who dislike us
40
Q

similarity

A
  • favour similar people for long term relationships
  • don’t favour similar people when looking for short term relationships

similarity in terms of
- opinions, attitudes, values
- interpersonal style (how socially skilled)

not always personality characteristics

41
Q

passionate love

A
  • ecstatic
  • physically arousing
  • desire for physical contact
  • great sadness, despair when things are not going well
42
Q

companionate love

A

like companion (NOT compassionate)
- intimate, affectionate, caring
- commitment to the relationship
- often in older relationships

43
Q

postitive behaviours in maintaining relationships

A

validating, expressing appreciation etc

look at internal attributions for positive behavior
look at external attributions for negative behaviour

44
Q

negative behaviours

A

criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

look at external attribution for positive behaviour
look at internal attribution for negative behaviour

psyc1001 (4 decks)

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