behavioural psychology Flashcards
social cognition
process by which people select, interpret, and remember social information
social perception
process by which people come to understand and categorise the behaviours of others (judgements)
social interaction
process by which people interact with each other
attriubtion theory
we tend to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often crediting either internal dispositions or external situations
internal attribution
explaining behaviour due to dispositional factors (persona’s personality)
External attribution
explaining behaviour due to situational factors (environemntal)
covariation model
determine whether actor’s behaviour is internal attribution or external attribution
- consistency information: does actor behave same towards stimulus in different situations
- consensus information: do other people behave the same towards the stimulus
- distinctiveness information: does the actor behave the same toward different stimuli
fundamental attribution error
overestimate behaviour to personality traits and underestimate sitational influences
tripartite model of attitudes
affective - feel, emotion
behavioural
cognitive - know
explicit attitudes
conscious & deliberate
implicit attitudes
unconscious, automatic
initiated without awareness
Theory of reasoned action
specific attitudes are matched to specific behaviour (assumes complete control of behaviour from intention)
attitude - affects intention
subjective norms - affects intention
theory of planned behaviour
takes into account
attitudes - affects intention
subjective norms - affects intention
perceived behavioural control - affects intention & behaviour
changing attitude
cognitive dissonance
incongruent cognitions
lead to being motivated to reduce tension by either
- changing behaviour
- changing opinion
- add new constant cognitions
who is threatened by cognitive dissoance
internal attributions - feel threatened and motivated to reduce (western)
external attributions - opposite (eastern
changing attitude & advertising
central route
- motivated to process
- compelling arguments
- strong lasting change
peripheral route
- not motivated to process
- peripheral cues
- weak temporary change
stereotypes
characteristics & beliefs about a group
cognitive
prejudice
positive or negative evaluation of a group
includes an affective component (emotions)
discrimination
acts on prejudice
unjustified negative, harmful treatment towards a group
social norms
the expectation a group has for its members regarding acceptable & appropriate attitudes & behaviours
social roles
A socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person who is functioning in a given setting or group
compliance
A change in behaviour or expressed attitudes consistent with a direct request
conformity
The tendency for people to adopt the behaviours, attitudes, and values of other members of a reference group
- reference group sets social norms
obedience
Compliance with an authority figure/leader in which the request is perceived as an order or command
informal social response
conform due to
uncertain about correct response so look to others and believe their interpretation
light study
normative social influence
conform due to
need to fit in & be liked
line studies
factors affecting conformity
- Ambiguity
- Need to be accurate
- Crisis/emergency
- Unanimity - challenged by non-conformist
- Gender
- Expertise
- Status and attractiveness of the group
- Group size
minority influence
processes of social influence where power or numerical minority changes attitudes and behaviour of majority
- blue experiment (is it blue or green), showed minority is effective when they are consistent
- disrupt the majority norm
- not motivated by self interest
conversion effect
process of minority influence bring internal, private change in the attitudes of a majority
due to majority thinking through arguments carefully
Milgram study factors that reduce obedience
- two other dissenting “teachers”
- second experimenter
- allowing P to follow own conscious
- proximity (same room)
- touch proximity
- absent experimenter
- ordinary person giving instructions
prosocial behaviour
behaving in a way that is good for other people or for society as a whole
helping behaviour
acts that INTENTIONALLY benefit someone else
altruism
prosocial behaviours that help others even when
- no apparent personal gain
- potential costs to the helper
biological explanations for prosocial behaviour
kin selection
- natural selection: genes must survive
reciprocity
- assumption someone might help in the future
mutually cooperative behaviour
- those who cooperate are more successful (more likely to have genes passed on)
egoistic vs altruistic helping
altruistic
- empathy
egoistic
- motivated to get something in return
- negative-state relief hypothesis
five step model to helping (- barriers)
1 notice event
- distracted and in a hurry
2 interpret event as emergency
- pluralistic ignorance
3 assume responsibility
- diffusion of responsibility
4 know appropriate form of assistance
- lack of knowledge or competence
5 implement decision
- danger to self, legal concerns, embarrassment
physical attraction
- average, symmetrical face
- familiarity to our face
- exadurate gendered features
- same across cultures
proximity attraction
- close physical distance more likely to become familiar
- more we see & interact with people the more we like them
- mere exposure effect
reciprocity
- we like those who like us
- we dislike those who dislike us
similarity
- favour similar people for long term relationships
- don’t favour similar people when looking for short term relationships
similarity in terms of
- opinions, attitudes, values
- interpersonal style (how socially skilled)
not always personality characteristics
passionate love
- ecstatic
- physically arousing
- desire for physical contact
- great sadness, despair when things are not going well
companionate love
like companion (NOT compassionate)
- intimate, affectionate, caring
- commitment to the relationship
- often in older relationships
postitive behaviours in maintaining relationships
validating, expressing appreciation etc
look at internal attributions for positive behavior
look at external attributions for negative behaviour
negative behaviours
criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling
look at external attribution for positive behaviour
look at internal attribution for negative behaviour
