Personalities Flashcards
What is deductive approach to personality
We use our knowledge of basic psychological “laws” principles in order to understand each particular person.
What is inductive approach to personality
Concepts are developed based on what carefully collected observations. Reveal it’s a systematic empirical research. Generalization.
What is the nature of inductive versus deductive approaches
Deduction is characterized as a top-down process of reasoning from generalizations to instances. Induction is the opposite reasoning bottom up.Researchers work from general knowledge and from specific imperial observations in a never ending cycle
What are the eight basic aspects of personality
Psychoanalytic neoanalytic biological behaviorist, cognitive trait, humanist/existential, an interactionist
What is the psychoanalytic aspect of personality
Attention to unconscious influences importance of sexual drives even in non sexual spheres
What is the neo analytic ego aspect of personality
Emphasis on the self as it struggles to cope with emotions and drives on the inside and the demands of others on the outside
What is the biological aspect of personality
Focuses on tendencies and limits imposed by a biological inheritance example easily combined with most other approaches
What is the behaviorist aspect of personality
Emphasis on a more scientific analysis of the learning experiences that shape personality
What is the cognitive aspect of personality
Emphasis on active nature of human thought uses modern knowledge from cognitive psychology
What is the trait aspect of personality
Focus on good individual assessment techniques
What is the humanistic extensional aspect of personality
Appreciation of the spiritual nature of a person emphasizes struggle for self.Fulfillment and dignity
Why is theater important in analyzing personalities?
People understand archetypes so that they can mimic them in theater. Jealous kings forlorn lovers, all of those archetypes are things that we can recognize
How does religion affect personality theory
Western nurse used to believe that personality is. We’re a part of a spiritual code. That God imbued us. With later, there became a philosophical issue of mind and body by descarte, leave nets. Et cetera for a more scientific approach. Eastern religions influenced the humanistic and existential approaches, such as karl jung.
How does biology influence personality research
Biology is the opposite of religious influence because it determines that our personalities are influenced by the laws of nature, for instance, more aggressive or more cooperative people will withstand the test of time versus those who don’t want to procreate, won’t many children in the future. This is also true in analyzing similar animals such as chimps to humans.They should display similar traits. Darwin was obviously the leading scientist for this thought
Can we test personalities on animals
Yes, we can use similar tests for humans. For other animals to rate extroversion, agreeableness, anxiety, etc.
Who are the psychologists that were primarily involved in? Testing for the army
Louis turman of stanford and robert yerkes of harvard
What was the purpose of psychological tests during world war one
It was to decipher out the imbeciles or undesirables from elite roles. Also, to assign people to proper units.
When did modern personality theory begin to take formal shape
1930s, Gordon Allport, Kurt Lewin and Henry Murray.
How did Allport define personality?
The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.
Who was Margaret Mead?
She was an anthropologist, she wrote a book called sex and temperament in 3 primitive societies. She was very influential on personality psychology in a multicultural framework
What kind of personality were american psychologists investigating in the nineteen thirties and nineteen forties
Authoritarian personality because of nazi germany
What is the barnum effect
Broad and general personality descriptions. P t barnum had a motto that said he had something for everyone. This is why personality theories and assessments are very specific and scientifically validated. People who believe in astrology are susceptible to the barnum effect.
What is subjective assessment
Measurement that relies on a person’s interpretation
How to determine if a personality test is reliable
Degree consistency is measured by finding correlation between two halves. Cronbachs alpha, and test retest validity.
What are response sets
Biases related to the personality being measured. A way to combat this is reverse scoring or word questions in a reverse direction
What are the advantages in limits of self report tests
They’re straightforward to standardize, they’re easy to administer, reliable capture views of self well, but they’re limited in richness, easy to fake and depend on self knowledge.
What is the advantage and limit of a q sort test
They’re more active to the respondent is more involved and questionnaires. They can yield ranking of characteristics and same items can be used to different targets.But same limits and self report tests.They can be easy to fake and depend on self knowledge.
What is the advantages and limits of a ratings by others test
They provide a perspective that’s not biased by the self reports of the individual and clearly reveal “visible traits” can be used to rate children or animals, but they’re invalid to the extent that raiders lack knowledge or are biased
What’s the advantages and limits of a biological test
Can reveal individual reactions without relying on self report or judgment that can be difficult and expensive to use.Relation between biological substrates and complex behavior patterns, not often simple
What are the advantages and limits of a behavioral observation personality test
Capture what the individual actually does, but they can be hard to interpret as personality, or maybe unrepresentative of whole range of a person’s behavior
What are the advantages and limits of a interview personality measure
They can probe deeply and use follow up questions.They’re very flexible, but they can be biased by the interviewer or respondent.They’re expensive and time consuming.
What are the advantages and limits of personality measures using expressive behavior
They capture actual, unique behavioral style, including subtleties and emotions. But they can be difficult to capture code and interpret
What are the advantages and limits?Of document analyses measures
They can be used to assess an individual across time. If the writings are continuously accessible, they can be quite detailed and objective and they can be used even for deceased persons. An example is anne frank. They may only show certain aspects of the person. They may not be completely honest. And may not be available from important times or events.
What are the advantages and limits of projective tests for personality measures
They’re one of the few ways to go below the surface and assess aspects that the person may not be able to self report.They may yield insights for further study, but often have significant problems of reliability and validity.
What are the advantages and limits of demographics in lifestyle when measuring personality
Shows a framework in grouping in which the individual functions like gender age occupation, culture by itself, it can tell little about the individual person
What are the advantages and limits of online internet analyses of social media and big data for personality measures
It can gather huge amounts of data, fairly inexpensively captures areas of current interest and focus reveals network ties to other individuals.But it’s unobtrusive, possibly subject to self presentation biases
How did sigmund freud view dreams
He called it the royal road to understanding the consciousness. He believed that.
Patients were not consciously in touch with their inner conflicts that caused their observable. Mental and physical problems, but dreams might provide a key to unlock their inner secrets
