Personal Investigation 2 - Questionnaire on Pet Ownership & Stress

Question 1

PI2
Questionnaire definition

Answer 1

A set of written questions designed to collect information on how respondents truly feel on a topic

Question 2

PI2
Previous research

Answer 2

Amiot: Pet ownership & wellbeing during the pandemic
- Found pet owners reported a lower wellbeing than non-pet owners

Question 3

PI2
Independent Variable

Answer 3

Pet Owner or Non-pet Owner

Measuring through ppts. self-report

Question 4

PI2
Dependent Variable

Answer 4

Stress levels
Using PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE (Cohen)

Measuring through ppts. self-report using perceived stress scale

Question 5

PI2
Hypothesis

Answer 5

Directional, Alternative: Pet owners will have higher stress levels than non-pet owners

Question 6

PI2
Null Hypothesis

Answer 6

There will be no indicator that pet ownership is related to stress

Question 7

PI2
Operationalised Hypothesis

Answer 7

Pet owners of any preferred pet will have higher stress levels than non-pet owners

Question 8

PI2
Confounding Variable

Answer 8

Respondent having poor online knowledge (online form)

Question 9

PI2
Extraneous Variables

Answer 9

• Complicated questions
• Poor questionnaire design

Question 10

PI2
Methodology Justification

Answer 10

Practical method of gathering large amounts of quantified data

Question 11

PI2
Methodology Strengths

Answer 11

• Practical (Time / Cost / Conduct)
• Ethically sound (Online - Consent & Right to withdraw)
• Anonymous (promotes honesty & limits social desirability bias)

Question 12

PI2
Methodology Weaknesses

Answer 12

• Closed-questions: limits ppts. responses (no effect for my study)
• Low validity: self-report method

Question 13

PI2
Sampling Method & Justification

Answer 13

Opportunity Sampling
- Most practical
- Study doesn’t require specific population - respondents within general population

Question 14

PI2
Graphical Representation

Answer 14

Pie Chart

Practically display frequencies which shows a visual comparison between groups

Question 15

PI2
Inferential Statistics Test & Why

Answer 15

Mann Whitney U test
Ordinal Data
Independent Groups Design

Question 16

PI2
Critical Value

Answer 16

70

Question 17

PI2
USTAT Value

Answer 17

92.5

Question 18

PI2
Assessing Reliability

Answer 18

Split-half method:
Divide questions (equal & odd) & compare by calculating a correlation coefficient; if similar, HIGH INTERNAL RELIABILITY

Question 19

PI2
Assessing Validity

Answer 19

Concurrent Validity:
Previously validated measurement of stress to ensure high concurrent validity

Question 20

PI2
Issue of Validity

Answer 20

Social Desirability
Eliminate: Anonymity

Question 21

PI2
Potential Ethical Issues

Answer 21

Risk of Harm: Respondent = briefed that questions may be distressing
Valid Consent: Allowed respondent to read questions before consenting (informed consent) & included required tick box stating that they understood & consented

Question 22

PI2
Is data significant, and why?

Answer 22

No, USTAT value is higher than critical value; results do not support PI hypothesis

MWU: significance = USTAT value is lower than critical value

Question 23

PI2
Descriptive statistics & Justification

Answer 23

MEAN: More sensitive than other methods (Incorporates all tallied data) & More practical than SD

Question 24

PI2
Descriptive statistics & Justification

Answer 24

MEAN: More sensitive than other methods (Incorporates all tallied data) & More practical than SD