peripheral vascular system Flashcards
1
Q
abnormal pulse reading
A
asymmetrical suggesting arterial occlusion from atherosclerosis or embolism
2
Q
arterial pulses of upper extremity
A
radial artery, ulnar artery, brachial artery
3
Q
arterial pulses of lower extremity
A
dorsalis pedis, posterior tibial, popliteal artery, femoral artery
4
Q
location of dorsalis pedis artery
A
dorsum of foot lateral to big toe extensor tendon
5
Q
location of posterior tibial artery
A
behind medial malleolus
6
Q
location of popliteal artery
A
behind knee
7
Q
location of femoral artery
A
below inguinal ligament between ASIS and pubic symphysis
8
Q
are veins or arteries more susceptible to abnormalities?
A
veins; they have weaker wall structure
9
Q
deep vein
A
carry 90% of blood back to heart, can be affected by thrombosis; tested by Homan’s sign
10
Q
superficial veins (great saphenous & small saphenous)
A
may see varicose veins; tested by tap test
11
Q
location of great saphenous vein
A
dorsum of foot, medial leg, femoral
12
Q
lymph nodes in upper extremity
A
epitrochlear, axillary
13
Q
anterior axillary lymph node
A
pectoral
14
Q
posterior axillary lymph node
A
subscapular
15
Q
medial axillary lymph node
A
apical
16
Q
lateral axillary lymph node
A
humeral
17
Q
lymph nodes of lower extremity
A
horizontal and vertical
18
Q
normal lymph node findings
A
small, round or pea shaped, soft, non-tender
19
Q
abnormal lymph node findings due to infection
A
enlarged, tender, soft, smooth, and mobile
20
Q
abnormal lymph node findings due to malignancy
A
hard, non-tender, matted, or fixed
21
Q
abnormal lymph node findings due to lymphoma
A
very firm, rubbery
22
Q
arteriosclerosis
A
hardening and thickening of arterial walls
23
Q
atherosclerosis
A
plaque forms inside arterial walls, contributes to arteriosclerosis
24
Q
bruit
A
turbulent blood flow through an artery, causing a “whoosh” sound
25
ischemia
diminished blood supply to organ or body, most commonly caused by atherosclerosis
26
intermittent claudication
discomfort in legs while walking. caused by prolonged ischemia to legs
27
non-pitting edema
finger is depressed into the skin and no depression remains
28
pitting edema
finger is depressed into skin and when lifted, depression remains in skin
29
brawny edema
non-pitting edema that is resistant to touch; relates to lymphatic obstruction and deep vein occlusion
30
1+ pitting edema
slight indentation, no perceptible swelling of leg
31
2+ moderate pitting edema
indentation subsides rapidly
32
3+ deep pitting edema
indentation remains for short time, leg looks swollen
33
4+ very deep pitting edema
indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen
34
trophic assessment of arms
visually inspect from fingertips to axilla, compare side to side. note changes in skin, nails, tissue, edema, muscle volume, and hair
35
interpretation of peripheral vascular disease
brawny edema, wrinkling. color changes such as pallor, brown, rubor, purple, or cyanotic
36
interpretation of Raynaud's
severe pallor followed by cyanosis and then rubor (white, blue, then red)
37
interpretation of cellulitis
local area of redness, swelling, and heat. if lymphangitis is present, red streaks on the skin going towards axilla
38
interpretations of lymphedema
edema; most common cause is post-mastectomy
39
interpretations of thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease)
ulceration and gangrene at the tips of fingers or toes
40
interpretation for bilaterally cold extremities
cold environment, anxiety, poor circulation
41
interpretation for bilaterally warm/hot extremity
hot environment, post-workout, hyperthyroidism, infection, lymphedema, lymphangitis
42
abnormal nail compression test
takes longer than 2 seconds for color to return
43
causes of abnormal nail compression test
peripheral vascular disease or dehydration
44
abnormal tissue turgor test
skin remains elevated and slowly returns to normal position
45
causes of positive tissue turgor test
benign in elderly; late sign of dehydration
46
increased turgor
skin cannot be grasped or raised and looks smooth, taut, and shiny; due to edema
47
abnormal Allen test
color does not return promptly; suggests inadequate blood flow such as PVD or arterial occlusion
48
interpretation for edema in lower extremity
acute DVT, chronic venous insufficiency, incompetence of valves, or lymphedema
49
cause of hair loss over the anterior tibial surface
decreased arterial flow/perfusion
50
interpretation of PVD
thin, brittle, shiny skin. color changes such as pallor, rubor, brown, purple, or cyanotic
51
interpretation of chronic venous insufficiency
brawny edema, ankle pigmentation, ulcers
52
possible cause of warm/hot calf
deep vein thrombosis
53
possible cause of warm/hot leg
respective compartment syndrome, infection, cellulitis
54
femoral herniation
abdominal contents pass through a weakness in the abdominal wall at the femoral canal; high risk of strangulation and bowel obstruction
55
raynaud's disease
response to cold or emotional stress, may last few minutes to hours.
primary: idiopathic
secondary: caused by inury, autoimmune or connective tissue disease
56
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
atherosclerosis of extremities causing ischemia
57
mild symptoms of PVD
intermittent claudication or pain at rest
58
severe signs of PVD
skin atrophy, hair loss, cyanosis, ischemic ulcers, gangrene
59
acute peripheral arterial occlusion
severe pain, cold sensation, numbness; can cause infarction or gangrene due to ischemia
60
Leriche syndrome
caused by atherosclerosis with occlusion of aorta and iliac arteries; affects buttock muscles, legs, and male genitalia are underserved (aka aortoiliac occlusive disease)
61
symptoms of leriche syndrome
pain, fatigue or cramping in legs and buttock, especially when walking or exercising
62
diabetes mellitus
causes large and small efferent vessel disease and can lead to peripheral neuropathy; may have intermittent claudication
63
signs of diabetes mellitus
skin ulcers, slow healing wounds, cold extremities, gangrene
64
thrombus
blood clot
65
thrombosis/thrombophlebitis
blood clot in vessel, often in arteries damaged by atherosclerosis. can cause ischemia and can break off and go to heart
66
embolus
mass/particle flows through vessel causing obstruction; commonly caused by thrombosis; sudden pain
67
deep vein thrombosis
clotting of blood in deep vein, usually calf, thigh, or pelvis
68
complication of DVT
chronic venous insufficiency, primary cause of pulmonary embolism
69
varicose veins
dilated superficial veins; enlarged, swollen/distended, twisting looking; may be blue or dark purple
70
causes of varicose veins
unknown; may be from chronic venous insufficiency, faulty valves in veins allowing blood to flow in wrong direction or to pool
71
chronic venous insufficiency
restricted vein flow allows for chronic stagnation and pooling of blood
72
chronic edema of lower extremity
often indicates chronic venous insufficiency; edema is soft, pitting, reddish color, superficial ulcer over malleolus
73
causes of ankle edema
CHF, renal disease, liver disease, myxedema, lymphatic obstruction
74
thromboangitis obliterans
recurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis of small and medium vessels of hands and feet; associated with tobacco product use
75
exam findings for thrombangitis obliterans
ulcerations and gangrene at tips of fingers or toes
76
compartment syndrome
increased tissue pressure within a closed fascial space; often result of injury, causes severe pain and numbness
77
lymphatic insufficiency
poor lymphatic function can lead to lymphedema
78
lymphedema
swelling in arms or legs due to blockage, lymph fluid cannot drain properly, fluid builds up leading to swelling
79
causes of lymphatic insufficiency & lymphedema
infection, removal or damage of lymph nodes as part of cancer treatment
80
cellulitis
acute bacterial infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue, most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci
81
acute lymphagitis
infection of lymph vessels most commonly from streptococcal infection of skin, may be a sign that the skin infection is getting worse as the bacteria is being spread into the blood
82
symptoms of lymphangitis
chills, headache, red streaks from infected area going toward axilla or groin
83
lymphoma
cancer of lymphatic system, can be Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin; lymph nodes are non-tender
84
metastatic cancer
cancer form another source that has spread to lymph nodes. MC from breast cancer to anterior or pectoral lymph nodes; lymph nodes are hard, non-tender, irregular margins, fixed
