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PDx > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

precordium

A

area of chest that overlies heart and adjacent great vessels

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2
Q

base of heart location

A

third costal cartilage

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3
Q

apex (tip) of heart location

A

mitral valve area (left ventricle); used to assess point of maximum impulse

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4
Q

Erb’s point

A

halfway point between base and apex; location where all 4 valves can be heard

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5
Q

aortic valve lcoation

A

right 2nd intercostal space next to sternum

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6
Q

pulmonary valve location

A

left 2nd intercostal space next to sternum

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7
Q

Erb’s point location

A

left 3rd intercostal space

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8
Q

tricuspid valve location

A

left 4th and 5th intercostal space next to sternum

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9
Q

mitral valve location

A

left 5th intercostal space just medial to midclavicular line

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10
Q

cardiac pain

A

most common with activity, often a squeeze or pressure

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11
Q

levine’s sign

A

fist clenched over precordium

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12
Q

palpitation

A

subjective sensation that the heart has skipped a beat or added an extra beat; normal phenomenon or caused by cardiac issues

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13
Q

pathological causes of palpitations

A

cardiac conditions, non-cardiac conditions, medication, stress, excess caffeine or alcohol

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14
Q

anasarca

A

generalized edema, due to heart not pumping effectively, causes build up in subcutaneous connective tissue

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15
Q

vasovagal syncope (vagal faint)

A

fainting as an overreaction to certain triggers, occurs as a result of sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure

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16
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

state of shock resulting from massive blood loss and inadequate tissue perfusion, lose more than 20% of body’s blood

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17
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and thickening of the arterial walls; decrease blood flow

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18
Q

atherosclerosis

A

plaque forms within arterial walls causing narrowing of lumen

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19
Q

bruit

A

intermittent auscultatory scound; whooshing, caused by turbulent blood flow through artery due to stenosis

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20
Q

ischemia

A

diminished blood supply to an organ or body part

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21
Q

infarction

A

necrosis due to inadequate blood supply; result of prolonged ischemia

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22
Q

intermittent claudication

A

localized fatigue of the legs that occur while walking; discomfort felt mostly in calves

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23
Q

thrombophlebitis/thrombosis

A

blood clot (thrombus) formed in the vein

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24
Q

embolus

A

particle or mass that moves through blood vessels until it reaches a vessel that is too small to let it pass; causes obstruction of blood flow, can lead to ischemia/infarction

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25
Q

pulse pressure

A

force heart generates each time it contracts; difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, normally between 30-40 mm Hg

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26
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

acute, severe rise in blood pressure, may or may not have organ damage

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27
Q

pulsus bigeminus

A

irregular rhythm with 2 beats close together followed by a pause

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28
Q

cyanosis

A

heart failure, COPD, pulmonary embolism

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29
Q

nail clubbing

A

associated with cardiopulmonary disease

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30
Q

splinter hemorrhages

A

thin, red to reddish-brown lines of blood under the nails that can occur with endocarditis, vasculitis, or nail trauma

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31
Q

endocarditis

A

infection of heart valves

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32
Q

palmar erythema

A

portal hypertension

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33
Q

nicotine staining

A

associated with smoking

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34
Q

vasculitis

A

vessel damage from swelling of blood vessels

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35
Q

internal jugular vein

A

lower neck in triangle formed by the 2 heads of SCM and clavicle

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36
Q

elevated jugular venous pressure

A

classic sign of venous hypertension; right sided heart failure, tricuspid stenosis

37
Q

apex beat

A

suggests cardiomegaly such as left ventricular hypertrophy

38
Q

orthopnea

A

difficulty breathing while supine; consider pulmonary edema due to left ventricular failure

39
Q

sternoclavicular pulsation

A

may suggest dissecting aneurysm of ascending aorta

40
Q

epigastric & subxiphoid pulsations

A

usually abnormal; related to right ventricular hypertrophy or abdominal aortic aneurysm

41
Q

heave

A

sustained lifting feeling of chest wall; sign of right ventricular hypertrophy

42
Q

thrill

A

palpable murmur from the heart upon palpating the precordium

43
Q

normal heart sounds

A

first sound: S1 “lub”
second sound: S2 “dub”

44
Q

interval between S1 and S2

A

systolic; heart contracting

45
Q

interval between S2 and S1

A

diastolic; heart relaxing

46
Q

splitting of heart sounds

A

valves close at a different rate

47
Q

S2 physiological split

A

best heard at pulmonic area with inspiration; 90% of population

48
Q

S3 ventricular gallop

A

heard after S2; lub-dub-ta, typically normal (ken-tuck-y)

49
Q

S4 atrial gallop

A

heard before S1; ta-lub-dub, heart failure (ten-nes-see)

50
Q

heart murmur

A

harsh sound produced from turbulent flow in the heart usually caused by passing through bad valves

51
Q

aortic regurgitation

A

congenital heart defect, fatigue, SOB

52
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

loud S1 sound; rheumatic fever, fatigue, SOB

53
Q

mitral valve prolapsed murmur

A

following a normal S1 and briefly quiet systole, the valve suddenly prolapses, resulting in a mid-systolic click

54
Q

arrhythmia

A

an abnormal pulse rate/rhythm; conduction issues or systemic factors

55
Q

premature heartbeat

A

heart either skips a beat or adds an extra beat; AKA ectopic heartbeat, harmless in most cases

56
Q

atrial flutter

A

regular rhythm, fast rate

57
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

irregular rhythm, fast rate

58
Q

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)

A

abnormally fast heart rate that begins and ends abruptly; 130-230 bpm, not life-threatening

59
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

normal rhythm, rapid rate (100+ bpm)

60
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

irregular rhythm, rapid rate

61
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

changes in heart rate that occur with breathing, speeds up on inspiration, slows down on expiration

62
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

group of disorders associated with chronic high blood pressure

63
Q

changes in heart due to chronic high blood pressure

A

blood vessels narrow, more oxygen is needed to supply the increased muscle mass, heart muscle hypertrophies, can lead to heart failure

64
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

chronic progressive condition affecting the ventricles, blood backs up filling lung

65
Q

most common cause of CHF

A

coronary artery disease and hypertension

66
Q

outcome of CHF affecting left side

A

fluid builds up in lungs

67
Q

outcome of CHF affecting right side

A

lower extremity edema

68
Q

ischemic heart disease

A

inadequate blood supply to heart muscles, aka CAD

69
Q

usual cause of CAD

A

blockage of arteries due to plaque

70
Q

CAD can lead to

A

angina pectoris, myocardial infarction

71
Q

angina pectoris

A

reduced blood flow to heart that causes cardiac pain in chest; tightness, pressure, symptom of CAD

72
Q

myocardial infarction

A

death of heart muscle, usually result of occlusion of one or more coronary arteries leading to ischemia; 25% occur without warning signs

73
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

hypertrophy of cardiac muscles, cant pump blood properly, ventricles not able to relax and fill, can lead to heart failure

74
Q

pulmonary heart disease

A

right sided heart failure, commonly caused by pulmonary hypertension; aka Cor Pulmonale

75
Q

valve related conditions

A

valves can leak or become stenotic; termed regurgitation, incompetence, or insufficiency

76
Q

leaking valve

A

not open adequately, block flow of blood, create murmurs; leg swelling, SOB, palpitation, fatigue, chest pain

77
Q

stenotic or insufficient valve

A

can cause internal hemodynamic changes long before symptoms appear

78
Q

aortic stenosis

A

thickening of aortic valve narrowing; can cause left ventricular hypertrophy, caused by congenital, aging, or rheumatic fever

79
Q

aortic regurgitation

A

pathological incompetence of aortic valve; can cause left ventricle hypertrophy, caused by endocarditis, rheumatic fever, high blood pressure, aging

80
Q

exam findings for aortic regurgitation

A

displaced apical impulse, thrill, murmur

81
Q

mitral stenosis

A

thickening of mitral with valve narrowing; most commonly caused by rheumatic fever

82
Q

mitral regurgitation

A

pathological incompetence of mitral valve; commonly caused by mitral valve prolapse and rheumatic fever

83
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

ballooning of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole; commonly caused by degeneration

84
Q

tricuspid valve regurgitation

A

pathological incompetence of tricuspid valve; murmur heard at tricuspid

85
Q

pericardial tamponade (acute)

A

accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, many cases include pericarditis

86
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium, may be accompanied by pericardial tamponade

87
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of endocardium, can damage heart valves, can cause murmur

88
Q

rheumatic fever

A

fever following infection of the throat with group A streptococci; occurs primarily in children and young adults

89
Q

complications of rheumatic fever

A

permanent damage to valves leading to stenosis/regurgitation, endocarditis

PDx (4 decks)

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