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Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

precordium

A

area of chest that overlies heart and adjacent great vessels

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2
Q

base of heart location

A

third costal cartilage

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3
Q

apex (tip) of heart location

A

mitral valve area (left ventricle); used to assess point of maximum impulse

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4
Q

Erb’s point

A

halfway point between base and apex; location where all 4 valves can be heard

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5
Q

aortic valve lcoation

A

right 2nd intercostal space next to sternum

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6
Q

pulmonary valve location

A

left 2nd intercostal space next to sternum

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7
Q

Erb’s point location

A

left 3rd intercostal space

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8
Q

tricuspid valve location

A

left 4th and 5th intercostal space next to sternum

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9
Q

mitral valve location

A

left 5th intercostal space just medial to midclavicular line

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10
Q

cardiac pain

A

most common with activity, often a squeeze or pressure

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11
Q

levine’s sign

A

fist clenched over precordium

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12
Q

palpitation

A

subjective sensation that the heart has skipped a beat or added an extra beat; normal phenomenon or caused by cardiac issues

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13
Q

pathological causes of palpitations

A

cardiac conditions, non-cardiac conditions, medication, stress, excess caffeine or alcohol

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14
Q

anasarca

A

generalized edema, due to heart not pumping effectively, causes build up in subcutaneous connective tissue

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15
Q

vasovagal syncope (vagal faint)

A

fainting as an overreaction to certain triggers, occurs as a result of sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure

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16
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

state of shock resulting from massive blood loss and inadequate tissue perfusion, lose more than 20% of body’s blood

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17
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and thickening of the arterial walls; decrease blood flow

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18
Q

atherosclerosis

A

plaque forms within arterial walls causing narrowing of lumen

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19
Q

bruit

A

intermittent auscultatory scound; whooshing, caused by turbulent blood flow through artery due to stenosis

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20
Q

ischemia

A

diminished blood supply to an organ or body part

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21
Q

infarction

A

necrosis due to inadequate blood supply; result of prolonged ischemia

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22
Q

intermittent claudication

A

localized fatigue of the legs that occur while walking; discomfort felt mostly in calves

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23
Q

thrombophlebitis/thrombosis

A

blood clot (thrombus) formed in the vein

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24
Q

embolus

A

particle or mass that moves through blood vessels until it reaches a vessel that is too small to let it pass; causes obstruction of blood flow, can lead to ischemia/infarction

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25
pulse pressure
force heart generates each time it contracts; difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, normally between 30-40 mm Hg
26
hypertensive crisis
acute, severe rise in blood pressure, may or may not have organ damage
27
pulsus bigeminus
irregular rhythm with 2 beats close together followed by a pause
28
cyanosis
heart failure, COPD, pulmonary embolism
29
nail clubbing
associated with cardiopulmonary disease
30
splinter hemorrhages
thin, red to reddish-brown lines of blood under the nails that can occur with endocarditis, vasculitis, or nail trauma
31
endocarditis
infection of heart valves
32
palmar erythema
portal hypertension
33
nicotine staining
associated with smoking
34
vasculitis
vessel damage from swelling of blood vessels
35
internal jugular vein
lower neck in triangle formed by the 2 heads of SCM and clavicle
36
elevated jugular venous pressure
classic sign of venous hypertension; right sided heart failure, tricuspid stenosis
37
apex beat
suggests cardiomegaly such as left ventricular hypertrophy
38
orthopnea
difficulty breathing while supine; consider pulmonary edema due to left ventricular failure
39
sternoclavicular pulsation
may suggest dissecting aneurysm of ascending aorta
40
epigastric & subxiphoid pulsations
usually abnormal; related to right ventricular hypertrophy or abdominal aortic aneurysm
41
heave
sustained lifting feeling of chest wall; sign of right ventricular hypertrophy
42
thrill
palpable murmur from the heart upon palpating the precordium
43
normal heart sounds
first sound: S1 "lub" second sound: S2 "dub"
44
interval between S1 and S2
systolic; heart contracting
45
interval between S2 and S1
diastolic; heart relaxing
46
splitting of heart sounds
valves close at a different rate
47
S2 physiological split
best heard at pulmonic area with inspiration; 90% of population
48
S3 ventricular gallop
heard after S2; lub-dub-ta, typically normal (ken-tuck-y)
49
S4 atrial gallop
heard before S1; ta-lub-dub, heart failure (ten-nes-see)
50
heart murmur
harsh sound produced from turbulent flow in the heart usually caused by passing through bad valves
51
aortic regurgitation
congenital heart defect, fatigue, SOB
52
mitral valve stenosis
loud S1 sound; rheumatic fever, fatigue, SOB
53
mitral valve prolapsed murmur
following a normal S1 and briefly quiet systole, the valve suddenly prolapses, resulting in a mid-systolic click
54
arrhythmia
an abnormal pulse rate/rhythm; conduction issues or systemic factors
55
premature heartbeat
heart either skips a beat or adds an extra beat; AKA ectopic heartbeat, harmless in most cases
56
atrial flutter
regular rhythm, fast rate
57
atrial fibrillation
irregular rhythm, fast rate
58
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
abnormally fast heart rate that begins and ends abruptly; 130-230 bpm, not life-threatening
59
ventricular tachycardia
normal rhythm, rapid rate (100+ bpm)
60
ventricular fibrillation
irregular rhythm, rapid rate
61
sinus arrhythmia
changes in heart rate that occur with breathing, speeds up on inspiration, slows down on expiration
62
hypertensive heart disease
group of disorders associated with chronic high blood pressure
63
changes in heart due to chronic high blood pressure
blood vessels narrow, more oxygen is needed to supply the increased muscle mass, heart muscle hypertrophies, can lead to heart failure
64
congestive heart failure (CHF)
chronic progressive condition affecting the ventricles, blood backs up filling lung
65
most common cause of CHF
coronary artery disease and hypertension
66
outcome of CHF affecting left side
fluid builds up in lungs
67
outcome of CHF affecting right side
lower extremity edema
68
ischemic heart disease
inadequate blood supply to heart muscles, aka CAD
69
usual cause of CAD
blockage of arteries due to plaque
70
CAD can lead to
angina pectoris, myocardial infarction
71
angina pectoris
reduced blood flow to heart that causes cardiac pain in chest; tightness, pressure, symptom of CAD
72
myocardial infarction
death of heart muscle, usually result of occlusion of one or more coronary arteries leading to ischemia; 25% occur without warning signs
73
cardiomyopathy
hypertrophy of cardiac muscles, cant pump blood properly, ventricles not able to relax and fill, can lead to heart failure
74
pulmonary heart disease
right sided heart failure, commonly caused by pulmonary hypertension; aka Cor Pulmonale
75
valve related conditions
valves can leak or become stenotic; termed regurgitation, incompetence, or insufficiency
76
leaking valve
not open adequately, block flow of blood, create murmurs; leg swelling, SOB, palpitation, fatigue, chest pain
77
stenotic or insufficient valve
can cause internal hemodynamic changes long before symptoms appear
78
aortic stenosis
thickening of aortic valve narrowing; can cause left ventricular hypertrophy, caused by congenital, aging, or rheumatic fever
79
aortic regurgitation
pathological incompetence of aortic valve; can cause left ventricle hypertrophy, caused by endocarditis, rheumatic fever, high blood pressure, aging
80
exam findings for aortic regurgitation
displaced apical impulse, thrill, murmur
81
mitral stenosis
thickening of mitral with valve narrowing; most commonly caused by rheumatic fever
82
mitral regurgitation
pathological incompetence of mitral valve; commonly caused by mitral valve prolapse and rheumatic fever
83
mitral valve prolapse
ballooning of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole; commonly caused by degeneration
84
tricuspid valve regurgitation
pathological incompetence of tricuspid valve; murmur heard at tricuspid
85
pericardial tamponade (acute)
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, many cases include pericarditis
86
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium, may be accompanied by pericardial tamponade
87
endocarditis
inflammation of endocardium, can damage heart valves, can cause murmur
88
rheumatic fever
fever following infection of the throat with group A streptococci; occurs primarily in children and young adults
89
complications of rheumatic fever
permanent damage to valves leading to stenosis/regurgitation, endocarditis

PDx (4 decks)

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