peripheral vascular and lymphatic systems Flashcards
what are the walls of arteries like?
strong, touch and tense in order to handle the high pressure of the arterial system
//contain elastic fibers and muscle fibers
what is the role of the elastic fibres of the arterial walls?
stretching with systole and recoil with diastole
what is the role of the muscle fibres in the arterial walls?
//controlling the amount of blood delivered to the tissue //the muscle fibers are vascular smooth muscle
what action does the pressure wave caused by each heartbeat cause in the arteries
expansion and then recoil
//recoil propels blood through like a wave.
do all arteries have a pressure wave?
yes! its the pulse :D
what is a pulse?
an arterial pressure wave
what arteries are palpable?
temporal carotid brachial ulnar radial femoral popliteal dorsalis pedis posterior tibial
where is the temporal pulse palpated?
in front of the ear
where is the carotid pulse palpated?
in groove between sternomastoid muscle and trachea
where is the brachial pulse palpated?
runs in bicep-tricep furrow, palpable at antecubital fossa in the elbow, medial to the biceps tendon
where is the ulnar pulse palpated?
medial to ulna at wrist, deeper than radial
where is the radial pulse palpated?
medial to radius at wrist
where is the femoral pulse palpated?
near inguinal ligiment in groin
where is the popliteal pulse palpated?
posteriorly at base of thigh, behind knee
where is dorsalis pedis pulse palpated?
on top of the foot between first and second metatarsle
where is the posterior tibilal pulse palpated?
on posterior of ankle, inside of foot/leg
what is ischemia?
a deficiency in supply of oxygenated arterial blood to a tissue, cased by the death of distal tissue
a partial blockage may cause supply to be insufficient only during exercies, when ischemia may become apparent
what are veins?
lie parallel to artieris, but the boy has MORE VEINS than arteries
what do jugular veins do?
//empty unoxygenated blood directly into superior vena cava
//there is no valve between the right atrium and superior vena cava and so the jugular vein can give information about activity on the right side of the heart
//filling pressure and volume changes can be noted in jugular
which jugular vein is larger?
the internal jugular vein which lies deep and medial to the sternomastoid muscle
usually not visible but its diffuse pulsations may be seen in the sternal notch when the person is supine
which jugular vein is more superficial
both are vein, but…
EXTERNAL JUGULAR
where does the external jugular vein lie?
lateral to sternomastoid muscle above clavical
what does the pulse in the jugular vein result from?
movement of a waveform backword as a result of upstream events.
there are FIVE parts to the jugular vein pulse
how many sets of veins are in each arm?
two: superficial and deep
what do the superficial veins in the arm do?
the ones in the subcutaneous tissue are responsible for the majority of venous return
what are the three types of veins in the leg
deep veins
superficial veins
perforators
what do deep veins in the legs to?
run along deep arteries and conduct most of venous return for legs
//femoral and popliteal veins are deep veins
//these veins must remain intact, but the superficial veins can be excised without harming circulation
what are the the two superficial veins in the leg?
great and small saphenous veins
what are perforators?
veins in the legs that connect and join the deep and superficial veins
have one way valves that route blood from superficial to deep
what causes blood to flow through the veins?
veins are low pressure and require:
1) the contraction of skeletal muscles to milk the blood from proximal back to heart
2) pressure gradient caused by breathing
3) intraluminal valves ensure unidirectional flow
how does the structure of veins differ from arteries?
veins are thinner walled (because their system is lower pressure than arterial)
veins are larger diameter
veins are more distensible (able to expand and hold more blood when blood volume increases)
what is the function of veins distending to accommodate a greater blood volume?
relive pressure that would otherwise increase stress on the heart
why are veins called capacitance vessels?
they stretch and increase their capacity!
what does efficient venous return depend on?
contracting skeletal muscles, competent valves in the veins and a patent lumen
what can increase the chance of venous disease?
//prolonged standing, sitting, or bed rest //hypercoagulable states //vein wall trauma
varicose veins are caused by ___
incompetent valves in veins
obesity, pregnancy, prolonged standing, and genetics can increase the chance of getting them
what is the function of the lymphatic vessels?
//retrieving excess fluid from the tissue spaces and returns it to the bloodstream
//a small excess fluid leaves capilliaries to what veins can absorb, lymphatic drainage prevents edema
what are the two main trunks of the lymphatic system?
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
what does the right lymphatic duct do
empties into the right subclavian vein
drains right side of head and neck, right arm, right side of thorax, right lung and pluera, right side of heart, right upper section of liver
what does the thoracic duct do?
drains the majority of the body (everything the right doesn’t)
empties into left subclavian vein
what are the functions of the lymphatic system
- conserve fluid and plasma proteins that leak out of capilliaries
- form a major part of immune system that defends body against disease
- absorb lipids from intestinal tract
what does the immune system do?
detects and eliminates foreign pathogens
how does the immune system protect the body fro pathogens?
a. phagocytosis
b. antibodies produced by lymphocytes
does lymph fluid flow slower or faster than blood
slower
how is lymph flow propelled?
contracting skeletal muscles
pressure changes secondary to breathing
contraction of the vessel walls themselves
what are lymph nodes?
small, oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at intervals along the vessels
filter fluid before it is returned to bloodstream AND filter out microorganisms
what are lymphocytes?
pathogens are exposed to lymphocytes in the lymph nodes
lymphocytes mount antigen-specific response to eliminate pathogens
where are palpable lymphs and where do they drain?
in head and neck: (preauricular, posterior auricular, occipital, tonsular/jugulodigastric, superficial cervical, deep cervical chain, posterior cervical, supraclavicular)
//cervical nodes drain head and neck //axilliary nodes drain breast and upper arm //epitrochlear drain hand and lower arm //inguinal nodes drain most of the lymph of lower extremity, external genitalia, and anterior abdominal wall
what organs are related to the lymphatic system
spleen
tonsils
thymus gland (flat, pink-grey located on superior mediastinum behind sternum in front of aorta
considerations for infants and children
lymphatic tissue is present at birth, and are usually larger in children than adults, often palpable even in healthy individuals
lymphs of children seem to swell more, which may be why they experience more abdominal pain in illnesses where abdominal pain is not expected
considerations for pregnant women``
drop in bp in first and second trimesters
uterus may obstruct drainage of iliac veins and inferior vena cava, increasing venous pressure causing dependent edema, variscosities in the legs and vulva and hemorrhoids
considerations for older adults
peripheral blood vessels grow more rigid with age ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
causes rise in systolic bp
what is atherosclerosis?
deposition of fatty plaques on intima of arteries
what is arteriosclerosis
rigidity of blood vessels that is a part of aging
