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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Flashcards

1
Q

plays a crucial role in transmitting information between the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

It controls both voluntary movements (like walking) and involuntary functions (like heart rate and digestion).

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

Divisions of the PNS

The PNS is divided into two main parts:

A

A. Somatic Nervous System
B. Autonomic Nervous System

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4
Q

Divisions of the PNS

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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5
Q

Divisions of the PNS

Transmits sensory information (touch, pain, temperature) from the body to the Central Nervous System.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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6
Q

Divisions of the PNS

Regulates involuntary bodily functions like breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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7
Q

Divisions of the PNS

Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two:

A
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
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8
Q

Divisions of the PNS

“Fight-or-flight” response (prepares body for stress, increases heart rate, dilates pupils).

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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9
Q

Divisions of the PNS

“Rest-and-digest” response (slows heart rate, aids digestion, conserves energy).

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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10
Q

The two subsystems (Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system) are how your peripheral nervous
system does its three main jobs:

A
  • Senses
  • Movement
  • Unconscious Processes
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11
Q

Primary Functions of the PNS

Primary Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

✔ Sensory Function
✔ Motor Function
✔ Autonomic Regulation
✔ Reflex Actions
✔ Homeostasis

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12
Q

Primary Functions of the PNS

Maintains internal balance by regulating functions like blood pressure and body temperature.

A

Homeostasis

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13
Q

Types of Nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

A. Cranial Nerves (12 Pairs)
B. Spinal Nerves (31 Pairs)

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14
Q

These arise from the brain and control functions such as vision, smell, and facial movements.

A

Cranial Nerves

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15
Q

Thirty-one pairs of nerves that arise from the spinal cord and connect to different body parts.

A

Spinal Nerves

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16
Q

The cells that send and relay signals through your nervous system, using both electrical and chemical signals.

A

Neurons

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17
Q

Neurons

Neurons that carry sensory information from the body to the Central Nervous System.

A

Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons)

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18
Q

Neurons

Detect stimuli such as touch, pain, and temperature.

A

Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons)

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19
Q

Neurons

Transmit signals from the Central Nervous System to muscles and glands.

A

Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons)

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20
Q

Neurons

Control voluntary and involuntary movements.

A

Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons)

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21
Q

Neurons

Support and maintain neurons.

A

Glial Cells

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22
Q

Neurons

Help in neuron repair and function.

A

Glial Cells

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23
Q

Neurons

A fatty sheath that protects and insulates neurons.

A

Myelin

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24
Q

Neurons

Speeds up nerve signal transmission.

A

Myelin

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25
# Neurons This is the main part of the cell.
Cell body
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# Neurons This is a long, arm-like part that extends outward from the cell body.
Axon
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# Neurons At the end of the axon are several finger-like extensions where the electrical signal in the neuron becomes a chemical signal. These extensions, known as __ , lead to nearby nerve cells.
Synapses
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# Neurons These are small branch-like extensions (their name comes from a Latin word that means “tree-like”) on the cell body. These are also the receiving point for chemical signals from the synapses of other nearby neurons.
Dendrites
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# Neurons They send signals away from the neuron.
Axon
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Common Disorders of the PNS
- Type 2 Diabetes - Lupus - Leprosy - Lyme Disease - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Sarcoma
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# Common Disorders of the PNS The most common cause of peripheral neuropathy
Type 2 Diabetes
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# Common Disorders of the PNS This happens when the body **cannot** use **insulin** correctly and sugar builds up in the blood.
Type 2 Diabetes | It was once called adult-onset diabetes.
33
# Common Disorders of the PNS When this is present, type 2 diabetes can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart.
High Blood Sugar Levels
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# Common Disorders of the PNS Damages to eyes, kidneys, nerves and can happen in Type 2 Diabetes because the pancreas doesn't make enough of a hormone called __ that **helps sugar enter the cells**.
Insulin ## Footnote It happens also because the cells respond poorly to insulin by taking in
35
# Common Disorders of the PNS SYMPTOMS * More thirst. * More urination. * More hunger. * Weight loss. * Tiredness. * Blurred vision. * Slow-healing sores. * Frequent infections. * Numbness ortingling in the hands or feet. * Areas of darkened skin, most often in the armpits and neck.
Type 2 Diabetes
36
# Common Disorders of the PNS This is an autoimmune disease that makes your immune system damage organs and tissue throughout your body.
Lupus
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# Common Disorders of the PNS It causes inflammation that can affect your skin, joints, blood and organs like your kidneys, lungs and heart.
Lupus
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# Common Disorders of the PNS This is a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by a type of bacteria called *Mycobacterium Leprae*.
Leprosy | (also knows as Hanses Disease)
39
# Common Disorders of the PNS The disease affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes.
Leprosy | (also knows as Hansen Disease)
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# Common Disorders of the PNS SYMPTOMS * Skin lesionsthat are discolored, lighter, or darkerthan the surrounding skin * Nodules on the skin * Thickened, dry, or stiff skin * Painless ulcers on the soles ofthe feet * Painlessswelling orlumps on the face or earlobes * Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes * Numbness ortingling in the hands, feet, arms, and legs * Muscle weakness
Leprosy | (also knows as Hansen Disease)
41
# Common Disorders of the PNS A tick-borne infection that leads to nerve pain and weakness.
Lyme Disease
42
# Common Disorders of the PNS SYMPTOMS * Numbness * Tingling, "shooting" pain * Weakness in the arms or legs.
Lyme Disease
43
# Common Disorders of the PNS Compression of the median nerve in the wrist, causing pain and numbness.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
44
# Common Disorders of the PNS This is a rare type of malignant (cancerous) tumor that develops in bone and connective tissue,such asfat, muscle, blood vessels, nerves and the tissue that surrounds bones and joints.
Sarcoma
45
# Common Disorders of the PNS SYMPTOMS * Pain and/or swelling in an armor leg, the trunk, the pelvis or the back * Swelling may or may not feel warm to the touch * A limited range of motion in a joint * A fever of unknown origin * A bone that breaks from no apparent cause
Sarcoma
46
# Common Symptoms of PNS Disorders Muscle weakness, cramps, tremors, or loss of control.
Motor Nerve Damage
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# Common Symptoms of PNS Disorders Numbness, tingling, loss of touch sensation, neuropathic pain.
Sensory Nerve Damage
48
# Common Symptoms of PNS Disorders Affects heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure
Autonomic Nerve Damage
49
Diagnostic Tests for PNS Disorders (7)
- Blood Tests - Nerve Conduction Tests - Electromyogram (EMG) - Nerve Ultrasound - Nerve Biopsy - Genetic Testing - MRI
50
# Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health: Detect immune issues and toxins (e.g., mercury, lead).
Blood Tests
51
# Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health: Measure nerve signal speed to check for dysfunction.
Nerve Conduction Tests
52
# Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health: Assesses nerve-muscle connection through electrical activity.
Electromyogram (EMG)
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# Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health: Visualizes nerve condition and detects inflammation.
Nerve Ultrasound
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# Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health: Small nerve sample for diagnosis.
Nerve Biopsy
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# Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health: Checks for hereditary nerve conditions.
Genetic Testing
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# Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health: Images the brain/spinal cord for nerve damage.
MRI
57
Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: (7)
- Medications - Surgery - Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) - Nerve Ablation - Physical Therapy - Acupuncture - Devices
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# Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: Tablets, injections, or patches for symptom management.
Medications
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# Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: Procedures to treat nerve problems.
Surgery
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# Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: Mild electrical currents for pain relief.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
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# Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: Destroys pain-causing nerves.
Nerve Ablation
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# Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: Exercises to improve mobility and reduce pain.
Physical Therapy
63
# Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: Needles used to treat pain and conditions.
Acupuncture
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# Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: Braces, crutches, and specialized shoes for mobility support.
Devices
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Prevention of PNS Disorders
✔ Eat a balanced diet ✔ Stay active ✔ Wear protective gear ✔ Manage chronic conditions
66
What is the main function of myelin
To protect and insulate
67
What is the **main function** of Peripheral Nervous System
To connect the Central Nervous System (CNS) (brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body.
68
Which vitamin is particularly important gor preventing nerve damage?
Vitamin B12 | It maintains myelin.

NEUROSCIENCE MIDTERM (6 decks)

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