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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Flashcards

1
Q

plays a crucial role in transmitting information between the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

It controls both voluntary movements (like walking) and involuntary functions (like heart rate and digestion).

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

Divisions of the PNS

The PNS is divided into two main parts:

A

A. Somatic Nervous System
B. Autonomic Nervous System

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4
Q

Divisions of the PNS

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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5
Q

Divisions of the PNS

Transmits sensory information (touch, pain, temperature) from the body to the Central Nervous System.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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6
Q

Divisions of the PNS

Regulates involuntary bodily functions like breathing, heartbeat, and digestion.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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7
Q

Divisions of the PNS

Autonomic Nervous System is divided into two:

A
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
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8
Q

Divisions of the PNS

“Fight-or-flight” response (prepares body for stress, increases heart rate, dilates pupils).

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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9
Q

Divisions of the PNS

“Rest-and-digest” response (slows heart rate, aids digestion, conserves energy).

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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10
Q

The two subsystems (Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system) are how your peripheral nervous
system does its three main jobs:

A
  • Senses
  • Movement
  • Unconscious Processes
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11
Q

Primary Functions of the PNS

Primary Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

✔ Sensory Function
✔ Motor Function
✔ Autonomic Regulation
✔ Reflex Actions
✔ Homeostasis

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12
Q

Primary Functions of the PNS

Maintains internal balance by regulating functions like blood pressure and body temperature.

A

Homeostasis

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13
Q

Types of Nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

A. Cranial Nerves (12 Pairs)
B. Spinal Nerves (31 Pairs)

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14
Q

These arise from the brain and control functions such as vision, smell, and facial movements.

A

Cranial Nerves

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15
Q

Thirty-one pairs of nerves that arise from the spinal cord and connect to different body parts.

A

Spinal Nerves

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16
Q

The cells that send and relay signals through your nervous system, using both electrical and chemical signals.

A

Neurons

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17
Q

Neurons

Neurons that carry sensory information from the body to the Central Nervous System.

A

Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons)

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18
Q

Neurons

Detect stimuli such as touch, pain, and temperature.

A

Afferent Neurons (Sensory Neurons)

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19
Q

Neurons

Transmit signals from the Central Nervous System to muscles and glands.

A

Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons)

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20
Q

Neurons

Control voluntary and involuntary movements.

A

Efferent Neurons (Motor Neurons)

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21
Q

Neurons

Support and maintain neurons.

A

Glial Cells

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22
Q

Neurons

Help in neuron repair and function.

A

Glial Cells

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23
Q

Neurons

A fatty sheath that protects and insulates neurons.

A

Myelin

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24
Q

Neurons

Speeds up nerve signal transmission.

A

Myelin

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25
Q

Neurons

This is the main part of the cell.

A

Cell body

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26
Q

Neurons

This is a long, arm-like part that extends outward from the cell body.

A

Axon

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27
Q

Neurons

At the end of the axon are several finger-like extensions where the electrical signal in the neuron becomes a chemical signal. These extensions, known as __ , lead to nearby nerve cells.

A

Synapses

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28
Q

Neurons

These are small branch-like extensions (their name comes from a Latin word that means “tree-like”) on the cell body.

These are also the receiving point for chemical signals from
the synapses of other nearby neurons.

29
Q

Neurons

They send signals away from the neuron.

30
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

A
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Lupus
  • Leprosy
  • Lyme Disease
  • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
  • Sarcoma
31
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

The most common cause of peripheral neuropathy

A

Type 2 Diabetes

32
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

This happens when the body cannot use insulin correctly and sugar builds up in the blood.

A

Type 2 Diabetes

It was once called adult-onset diabetes.

33
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

When this is present, type 2 diabetes can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart.

A

High Blood Sugar Levels

34
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

Damages to eyes, kidneys, nerves and can happen in Type 2 Diabetes because the pancreas doesn’t make enough of a hormone called __ that helps sugar enter the cells.

A

Insulin

It happens also because the cells respond poorly to insulin by taking in

35
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

SYMPTOMS
* More thirst.
* More urination.
* More hunger.
* Weight loss.
* Tiredness.
* Blurred vision.
* Slow-healing sores.
* Frequent infections.
* Numbness ortingling in the hands or feet.
* Areas of darkened skin, most often in the armpits and neck.

A

Type 2 Diabetes

36
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

This is an autoimmune disease that makes your immune system damage organs and tissue throughout your body.

37
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

It causes inflammation that can affect your skin, joints, blood and organs like your kidneys, lungs and heart.

38
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

This is a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium
Leprae.

A

Leprosy

(also knows as Hanses Disease)

39
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

The disease affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes.

A

Leprosy

(also knows as Hansen Disease)

40
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

SYMPTOMS
* Skin lesionsthat are discolored, lighter, or darkerthan the surrounding skin
* Nodules on the skin
* Thickened, dry, or stiff skin
* Painless ulcers on the soles ofthe feet
* Painlessswelling orlumps on the face or earlobes
* Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes
* Numbness ortingling in the hands, feet, arms, and legs
* Muscle weakness

A

Leprosy

(also knows as Hansen Disease)

41
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

A tick-borne infection that leads to nerve pain and weakness.

A

Lyme Disease

42
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

SYMPTOMS
* Numbness
* Tingling, “shooting” pain
* Weakness in the arms or legs.

A

Lyme Disease

43
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

Compression of the median nerve in the wrist, causing pain and numbness.

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

44
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

This is a rare type of malignant (cancerous) tumor that develops in bone and connective tissue,such asfat, muscle, blood vessels, nerves and the tissue that surrounds bones and joints.

45
Q

Common Disorders of the PNS

SYMPTOMS
* Pain and/or swelling in an armor leg, the trunk, the pelvis or the back
* Swelling may or may not feel warm to the touch
* A limited range of motion in a joint
* A fever of unknown origin
* A bone that breaks from no apparent cause

46
Q

Common Symptoms of PNS Disorders

Muscle weakness, cramps, tremors, or loss of control.

A

Motor Nerve Damage

47
Q

Common Symptoms of PNS Disorders

Numbness, tingling, loss of touch sensation, neuropathic pain.

A

Sensory Nerve Damage

48
Q

Common Symptoms of PNS Disorders

Affects heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure

A

Autonomic Nerve Damage

49
Q

Diagnostic Tests for PNS Disorders (7)

A
  • Blood Tests
  • Nerve Conduction Tests
  • Electromyogram (EMG)
  • Nerve Ultrasound
  • Nerve Biopsy
  • Genetic Testing
  • MRI
50
Q

Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health:

Detect immune issues and toxins (e.g., mercury, lead).

A

Blood Tests

51
Q

Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health:

Measure nerve signal speed to check for dysfunction.

A

Nerve Conduction Tests

52
Q

Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health:

Assesses nerve-muscle connection through electrical activity.

A

Electromyogram (EMG)

53
Q

Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health:

Visualizes nerve condition and detects inflammation.

A

Nerve Ultrasound

54
Q

Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health:

Small nerve sample for diagnosis.

A

Nerve Biopsy

55
Q

Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health:

Checks for hereditary nerve conditions.

A

Genetic Testing

56
Q

Common Tests for Peripheral Nervous System Health:

Images the brain/spinal cord for nerve damage.

57
Q

Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues: (7)

A
  • Medications
  • Surgery
  • Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
  • Nerve Ablation
  • Physical Therapy
  • Acupuncture
  • Devices
58
Q

Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues:

Tablets, injections, or patches for symptom management.

A

Medications

59
Q

Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues:

Procedures to treat nerve problems.

60
Q

Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues:

Mild electrical currents for pain relief.

A

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

61
Q

Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues:

Destroys pain-causing nerves.

A

Nerve Ablation

62
Q

Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues:

Exercises to improve mobility and reduce pain.

A

Physical Therapy

63
Q

Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues:

Needles used to treat pain and conditions.

A

Acupuncture

64
Q

Common Treatments for Peripheral Nervous System Issues:

Braces, crutches, and specialized shoes for mobility support.

65
Q

Prevention of PNS Disorders

A

✔ Eat a balanced diet
✔ Stay active
✔ Wear protective gear
✔ Manage chronic conditions

66
Q

What is the main function of myelin

A

To protect and insulate

67
Q

What is the main function of Peripheral Nervous System

A

To connect the Central Nervous System (CNS) (brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body.

68
Q

Which vitamin is particularly important gor preventing nerve damage?

A

Vitamin B12

It maintains myelin.

NEUROSCIENCE MIDTERM (6 decks)

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